Download B. The Cell Theory

Domain 1-Cells and Heredity Student Notes
I. The cell (_______________________________________________)
A. There are _____ basic types of cells:
1. _____________________ cells – these cells have a true __________________
and ___________________. All plants, animals, fungi, and protists are
_______________________.
2. _____________________ cells – these cells do ___________ have a true
nucleus or organelles. Examples of prokaryotes are bacteria.
B. Parts of the cell-need to know terms
1. _________ _________________-allows materials to enter and leave the cell
(gatekeeper; communicator)
2. _____________________- controls cell functions (the brain); houses the DNA
3. __________________- provides cell energy (powerhouse); site of cellular
__________________
4. __________________- site of protein synthesis; where proteins are made
5. __________________- membrane bound sac that stores nutrients or water.
They are large in plant cells and play a role in turgor pressure.
6. __________________- stores digestive enzymes and/or wastes
7. __________________ ____________________- two types: rough and smooth.
Smooth ER is important in the synthesis of lipids and membrane proteins. Rough
ER is important in the synthesis of other proteins.
8. ________________ apparatus- The Golgi apparatus modifies, sorts, and
packages macromolecules for cell secretion (exocytosis) or for use within the cell.
It primarily modifies proteins delivered from the rough ER, but is also involved in
the transport of lipids around the cell, and the creation of lysosomes.
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9. _________ _________ (PLANT ONLY) - rigid outer wall of cell: made of cellulose
10. _________________ (PLANT ONLY) - where ________________________
takes place
Label the cells and parts indicated.
Which part (s) are present only in a plant cell?
Which part (s) are present only in an animal cell?
B. The Cell Theory
1. All ____________________ are composed of __________ or more cells.
2. The _________ is the _______ unit of _______________ and ______________
in organisms.
3. All cells are _______________ from _______________ cells.
C. Cell Communication and Material Movement
1. ____________________- self-adjusting mechanism that helps to maintain your
internal environment; maintenance of a _______________ internal environment
in face of a changing external environment (example: temperature-body sweats,
fever flush)
2. _________________- movement of materials from a _______________
concentration to a ________________ concentration.
3. ______________- diffusion of water across a semi-permeable membrane
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Plasmolysis-loss of water by osmosis in a water plant
4. Transport
a. Passive transport is the movement of materials that does _________ require
energy. ____________, _____________ and ______________ diffusion are
examples of passive transport.
b. Active transport _____________ the use of energy usually from __________,
a compound in which energy is stored in living systems.
(Here is an analogy between ATP (adenosine triphosphate) and rechargeable batteries.
The batteries are used, giving up their potential energy until it has all been converted into
kinetic energy and heat/unusable energy. Recharged batteries can be used only after the
input of additional energy. Thus, ATP is the higher energy form (the recharged battery)
while ADP is the lower energy form (the used battery). When a phosphate is released,
ATP becomes ADP (adenosine diphosphate), and the stored energy is released for some
biological process to utilize. The input of additional energy (plus a phosphate group)
"recharges" ADP into ATP.
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C. Cell Chemistry
1. most important compounds
Elements
Building Blocks or
Present
smaller units
Uses
Examples
A.
Carbohydrates
B. Lipids
C. Proteins
D. Nucleic
Acids
2. Photosynthesis
a. starts with __________________, CO2 and _______________, plus sunlight
b. ends with ______________(sugar), C6H12O6 and _____________,O2
c. stores energy from ____________ in the sugar ____________
d. occurs in the ____________________
3. Respiration
a. starts with ______________ (sugar), C6H12O6 and ______________
b. ends with _____________, CO2, __________, and _______ (energy molecule)
c. takes _________________from glucose and uses it to run the cell’s processes
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d. occurs in the _________________
Glycolysis is the first set of reactions
that occur in cellular respiration. If
oxygen is present, the reactions
produce CO2, H2O and energy.
4. Comparison of photosynthesis and respiration.
sunlight

C6H12O6 + 6O2
chlorophyll
________________________
6 CO2 + 6H2O
________________________
C6H12O6 + 6 O2  6 CO2 + 6 H2O + energy
Respiration
Photosynthesis
Reaction Type
Energy Source
Form of Energy produced
Reactants
Products
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III. Cell Reproduction
A. ________________- reproduction of regular (body, somatic) cells.
1. ______________ (cell growth period-DNA is replicated)
2. ______________ (DNA coils, spindle fibers appear)
3. ______________ (Chromosomes line up at the middle of the cell)
4. ______________(chromatids separate and are pulled to opposite sides of the
cell)
5. ______________ (spindle fibers disappear, cell cytoplasm divides in two________________)
6. daughter cells have the _____________ number of chromosomes as parent cell
Plant Cell Mitosis
___________ __________ __________
__________ ____________
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________Cell
B. Meiosis-production of ______cells (_______________)
1. cell goes through same phases as mitosis but twice
2. in a second division, chromosome number is______________
3. ____________ cells have half the number of chromosomes as _____________ cell
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C. Chromosomes
1. ___________-deoxyribonucleic acid
a. located in the _______________
b. made of _____________,which are composed of _______________,
_________________ sugars, and _________________
c. bases-_____________, ________________, _________________ and
_________________
d. adenine pairs with thymine (A-T) and guanine pairs with cytosine (G-C)
e. shape of DNA is a ____________________ (twisted ladder); ________________
2. RNA
a. made in the ____________ and then moves to the ribosome
b. made of nucleotides- phosphate groups, and ____________ sugars
c. bases-same as DNA except thymine is replaced by ______________
d. adenine pairs with uracil (A-U) and guanine pairs with cytosine (G-C)
e. ____________-stranded
f. three types-messenger RNA, _____, transfer RNA,____,
ribosomal RNA, _______
3. Protein synthesis
a. ___________- copying of DNA; occurs during ________________
b. ________________-occurs in the nucleus, messenger RNA ___________ the
DNA code, then mRNA leaves the nucleus
c. ______________-occurs on the ribosomes, transfer RNA brings the
nucleotides to the ribosome so that the correct protein can be synthesized
d. _______________-sudden change in the code
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Describe transcription.
Describe translation.
IV. Genetics and Heredity
A. ________________-study of the passing of traits from parent to offspring.
1. _____________-gene forms ex T-tall or t-short
2. traits
a. ________________-trait that is seen or that overrides the rest (T)
b. ________________ (t)
3. __________________-the way an organism looks; the expression of a trait
ex. Tall, short
4. _______________-the actual gene make-up ex TT, Tt, tt
5. _______________-trait with the same alleles (TT, tt)
6. _______________-trait with different alleles (Tt)
7. ______________-children
B. Monohybrid Cross-a parental cross of ________trait.
1. Use a ______________________to determine the offspring of the cross.
2. What are the possible genotype and phenotype of the offspring of a cross
between two heterozygous parents?
Tt X Tt
T
t
T
t
Genotype
____TT, ____Tt, _____tt or _________
Phenotype ____ tall, ____ short
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C. Incomplete or Blended Dominance-neither gene is __________________
RR=red flower
RW=pink flower
WW=white flower
What are the possible genotype and phenotype of the offspring of a cross between
two heterozygous parents?
Genotype
____ RR, ____ RW, ____ WW
Phenotype
____ red, ____ pink, ____ white
V. Classification
A. Classification categories from largest to smallest are _______________________,
______________, class, order ________________, _____________, __________
B. Eukaryotes
1. Protista Kingdom
a. Protista are simple, predominately ________________,
eukaryotic organisms.
b. Examples includes slime molds, euglenoids, algae, and
protozoans.
2. Fungi Kingdom
a. Fungi are _______________ or ____________ organisms with
eukaryotic cell types. The cells have cell walls. They do _______
carry out photosynthesis and obtain nutrients through
__________________.
b. Examples include sac fungi, club fungi, yeasts, and molds.
3. Plantae Kingdom
a. Plants are multicellular organisms composed of eukaryotic cells.
The cells are organized into tissues and have cell walls. They
obtain nutrients by photosynthesis and absorption.
b. Examples include mosses, ferns, conifers (_______________),
and flowering plants (_______________________).
4. Animal Kingdom
a. Animals are multicellular organisms composed of eukaryotic
cells. The cells are organized into tissues and lack cell walls.
They do not carry out photosynthesis and obtain nutrients
primarily by ingestion.
b. Examples include ______________________(sponges, worms,
and arthropods) and ________________________ (fish,
amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals).
C. Prokaryotes
1. Archaea (archaebacteria)-ancient bacteria
a. Archaea often live in extreme environments.
b. They include organisms which live in harsh anaerobic environments such as
hot springs, deep ocean volcanic vents, sewage treatment plants, and swamp
sediments.
2. Bacteria (eubacteria)-“true” bacteria
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