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Ch. 5 Minerals of Earth’s Crust
5-1 What is a Mineral?
Key Ideas
Define mineral
Compare the two main groups of minerals
Identify the six types of silicate crystalline structures
Describe three common nonsilicate crystalline structures
Academic Vocabulary—similar (alike; almost the same)
I.
Characteristics of Minerals
Mineral is a _________________________ that has a characteristic chemical
__________, an orderly internal _______, & a characteristic set of _______
properties.
Four Questions1. Is the substance ________ or not made from living or once living things?
2. Does the substance occur ________? It can’t be manufactured (steel).
3. Is the substance a solid in _________ form?
4. Does the substance have a consistent __________________? (ex: Fluorite has
one Ca ion for every two F ions).
II.
Kinds of Minerals
Rock-Forming Minerals 20 common minerals are called these because they form
the rocks that make up Earth’s crust.
A. _______ Minerals—make up 96% of Earth’s Crust
1. A mineral that contains combinations of Si & O (pure SiO2 is
quartz)
a. ________—most common
b. Orthoclase—forms when K combines with Si & O
c. Plagioclase—Forms when Na, Ca or both combine with
Si & O
d. Ferromagnesians—rich in Fe & Mg
B. _________ Minerals—makes up 4% of Earth’s Crust
1. Do not contain Si & O. 6 major groups.
a. Carbonates—contain a CO3 group
b. Halides—Cl or F combined with Na, K or Ca
c. Native Elements—elements uncombined with others
d. Oxides—contain O and another element besides Si
e. Sulfates—contain a SO4 group
f. Sulfides—One or more elements combined with S
III.
Crystalline Structure
_______ is a solid whose atoms, ions or molecules are arranged in a regular,
repeating pattern. Crystal growth depends on the cooling rate of the minerals
that make it up. Longer cooling time equals larger crystal growth.
IV.
Crystalline Structure of Silicate Minerals
Silicon-Oxygen Tetrahedron is the _____________________ of silicate
minerals; a Silicon ion chemically bonded to and surrounded by four Oxygen
ions.
A. Isolated Tetrahedral Silicates and Ring Silicates
1. Isolated Tetrahedra _________ with other Si or O atoms.
2. Ring Silicates form rings by sharing __ atoms.
B. Single-Chain Silicates and Double-Chain Silicates
1. Single-Chain Silicates form a chain by ______ O atoms.
2. Double-Chain Silicates form when two single-chains of
tetrahedral ____ to each other by sharing O atoms.
C. Sheet Silicates and Framework Silicates
1. Sheet Silicates form when each tetrahedron shares _____ of
its O atoms with other tetrahedral.
2. Framework Silicates form when each tetrahedron is bonded
to ____other tetrahera.
V.
Crystalline Structure of Nonsilicate Minerals
Because nonsilicate minerals have diverse chemical compositions and do not
have to form tetrahedral they display a _________ of crystalline structures.
5-2 Identifying Minerals
Key Ideas
Describe seven physical properties that help to distinguish one mineral from
another.
List five special properties that may help to identify certain minerals.
Academic Vocabulary—specific (unique; peculiar to or characteristic of; exact)
I.
Physical Properties of Minerals
__________ is an Earth Scientist who examines, analyzes & classifies minerals
Many properties can be identified by looking at a sample. Other properties can
be identified through simple tests.
A. Color—_________________
1. Small amounts of certain elements can greatly alter color.
2. Weathering can also change color—break open a mineral for a
better look at its color.
B. Streak—Defined as the color of a _____________________.
1. Rub the mineral on a piece of _________________ (streak
plate).
2. Minerals harder than the streak plate (7 or more) will just
scratch the plate.
C. Luster--the way in which a mineral ______ light.
1. Metallic luster—reflects light like polished _____.
2. __________ luster
a. glassy
b. waxy
c. pearly
d. brilliant
e. dull or earthy
D. Cleavage & Fracture—how a mineral splits or breaks.
1. Cleavage is the tendency of a mineral to _____ along specific
planes of weakness to form smooth, flat surfaces.
.a. “book crystals” Mica gives a sheet-like appearance
2. Fracture is the manner in which a mineral _____ along curved
or irregular surfaces.
a. uneven or irregular—rough surface
b. splintery or fibrous—looks like broken wood
c. conchoidal—curved surfaces
E. Hardness
1. ____ Hardness Scale is the standard scale against which the
hardness of minerals is rated.
a. Scale from 1-10. 1 is the softest (talc) 10 is the
hardest (diamond).
b. Harder mineral scratch softer minerals
c. Many mineral have a range instead of an exact
number.
F. Crystal Shape—a mineral forms in one of _____________.
1. Isometric or Cubic System
2. Orthorhombic System
3. Tetragonal System
4. Hexagonal System
5. Monoclinic System
6. Triclinic System
G. Density—measured in g/cm3 or ml.
1. The ______ of the mass of a substance divided by its volume.
II.
Special Properties of Minerals
A few mineral have some additional, special properties that can help
identify them.
A. Fluorescence & Phosphorescence
1. Fluorescence is the ability to ______________________.
2. ______________ is when minerals continue to glow after UV
light is turned off.
B. Chatoyancy & Asterism
1. Chatoyancy—a silky appearance called ________ effect in
reflected light.
2. Asterism—a ___________ shape appearing when a mineral
reflects light.
C. Double Refraction
Refraction is a bend of a light ray. Some minerals (Calcite Iceland
Spar) bend light to produce a ______ image.
D. Magnetism
Minerals that contain Fe may be attracted to magnets. Some
minerals act as _______ themselves (Magnetite or Loadstone).
E. Radioactivity
___________ results as unstable nuclei decay over time into stable
nuclei by releasing particles and energy. Uranium Ores are
examples.