Download Persians and Greeks - White Plains Public Schools

Empire and Conflict – Persians and Greeks
WHAP/Napp
Objective: To identify and describe the causes and
effects of the Persian Wars
Do Now:
Define empire. Provide examples of empirebuilding in history and state problems which result
from empire-building.
_____________________________________________
_____________________________________________
Cues:
Notes:
I. The Persian Empire
A. Homeland lay on the ________ plateau
B. Famous monarchs
1. Cyrus (reigned 557-530 BCE) and _______ (reigned 522-486 BCE)
C. Persian conquests reached from Egypt to _______
D. A single state of some 35 million people/Cultural _________
E. Centered on an elaborate cult of kingship
II. Administrative System
A. Persian ___________ (satraps) placed in each the 23 provinces
B. Lower-level officials drawn from local authorities
C. System of imperial ______
D. Respect for non-Persian cultural traditions
1. Cyrus allowed Jews who had been exiled in _______ to return to
homeland and rebuild temple in Jerusalem in 539 BCE
E. Model for future regimes with its administrators, tax collectors,
record keepers, and translators/system of standardized coinage
F. Predictable ______ levied on each province
G. Newly dug canal linking the Nile with the _____ Sea
H. A “royal ______”, some 1,700 miles long
1. Facilitating communication and commerce
III. The Greeks
A. Small competing city-states_________ terrain (seas for trade)
B. Classical Greece emerged around 750 BCE and flourished for about
400 years
C. Fiercely _________ city-states
1. Speaking the same language/Frequently in conflict
2. Called themselves ___________
D. Expansive people, but expansion took the form of settlement in
distant places
1. Greek traders in search of ______
2. Impoverished farmers in search of ______
Summaries:
Cues:
Notes:
E. In Athens, direct democracy eventually developed
1. All citizens could ______ participate in the affairs of government
2. However, women, slaves, and foreigners were ___ citizens
3. City-stategreater participationopposed to empire
4. Solon, reforming leader, in 594 BCEmore democratic direction
a) Debt slavery was _________
b) Public office was opened to a _______ group of men
c) All citizens were allowed to take part in the Assembly
5. Cleisthenes and Pericles, later reformers, extended _____ further
6. By 450 BCE, all holders of public office were chosen by lot and
were paid-even the poorest could _______
F. But, in Sparta, extreme forms of military discipline and its large
population of _______ or slaves led to a Council of Elders
IV. Greco-Persian Wars
A. Conflict grew out of patterns of expansions
B. Number of Greek settlements on the Anatolian seacoast, known to
Greeks as _______
1. By 499 BCE, some Ionian Greeks revolted against Persian
domination and found support from ________
C. Outraged Persians launched major military expeditions, twice in ten
years (490 and 480 BCE) to _______ Greeks
D. Against all odds, Greeks held them off, ________ the Persians
1. Triumphed in momentous Battle of Marathon in 490 BCE
2. Greeks viewed victory as _______ of their freedoms
3. Greeks also radicalized Athenian __________
a) Poorer Greeks in a position for _____ citizenship
4. Fifty years or so afterwards – the ______ Age of Greek culture
a) built the Parthenon/Greek theater (Aeschylus, Sophocles,
Euripides)/Socrates, the quintessential philosopher
V. Decline of Greeks
A. Athens led a coalition of Greek city-states but leadership led to _________
1. As Athenians tried to solidify dominant position, resentment ensued
B. Bitter civil war (431-404 BCE)
1. Sparta taking the lead in defending the independence of the citystates - known as ___________ War
C. Athens was defeated  Paving the way for __________ conquest of cities
VI. Alexander the Great
A. Alexander’s father, Philip II, conquered Greeks in 338 BCE
B. Continued conquests - Ten-year expedition (333-323 BCE)  Egypt,
Anatolia, Persia, Afghanistan, Arrived in ________ Subcontinent
C. Spread of Greek culture (__________)
1. Buddha was depicted in _______ form due to Greek influence
D. Then with death, eventually Roman Empirevehicle Greek culture
Summaries:
Strayer Question:
 How did Persian and Greek civilizations differ in their political organization and
values?

Why did semidemocratic governments emerge in some of the Greek city-states?

What were the consequences for both sides of the encounter between the
Persians and the Greeks?

What changes did Alexander's conquests bring in their wake?
1. In Greek society, women were treated as
(A) equals to men, especially when it came
to voting
(B) gods
(C) inferior to men in both social and
political affairs
(D) slaves in every household
2. Which peoples developed the world's first
true alphabet?
(A) the Lydians
(B) the Phoenicians
(C) the Hebrews
(D) the Persians
(E) the Egyptians
3. What is diffusion?
(A) the assimilation of a minority ethnic
group into a larger, more homogeneous
population
(B) the splitting of the atom
(C) the conquering of one civilization by a
much more powerful one
(D) the spread of foods, trade goods,
concepts, norms, practices, and inventions
among different peoples
4. Which of the following prominent Greeks
exercised practical political leadership?
A. Aristotle
B. Solon
C. Plato
D. Socrates
E. Euripides
5. Hellenistic culture brought together the
traditions of which of the following regions?
A. Mediterranean, Mesoamerican, subSaharan African
B. Middle Eastern, Mediterranean,
Scandinavian
C. Mesoamerican, Scandinavian,
Mediterranean
D. East Asia, South Asia, sub-Saharan
African
E. Middle Eastern, Mediterranean, South
Asian
6. Which prominent Greek individual listed
below was not part of a direct teacherstudent relationship shared by the other
four?
A. Alexander the Great
B. Socrates
C. Aristotle
D. Herodotus
E. Plato
7. Which region of the world had yet to
experience the Neolithic transition by 600
CE?
A. Mesoamerica
B. South America
C. Northern Europe
D. Australia
E. Southeast Asia
8. Hellenistic culture epitomizes which of
the following historical forces or trends?
The Answer is Cultural Diffusion! 
Excerpt from Boisestate.edu: Alexander the Great-We're not in Thessaly any more, Toto
Alexander entered India in 327, encountering some of the toughest fighting of his career...
None of the Greeks had ever encountered anything to prepare them for India. The terrain,
the monsoons, the fierce tribes, all combined with the long years of campaigning to take
some of the heart out of the Macedonians.
Alexander's geographers had assured him that just beyond India was Ocean, the great
body of water that completely encircled the world. India itself was surely no bigger than
the Persian Empire. We do not know what was in Alexander's mind, but most historians
guess that he had no idea of the true size of the subcontinent and that he truly believed he
need make only one more push to bring the entire eastern world under his dominion.
Two factors combined to bring Alexander's march to a halt: he began to realize that India
was much bigger than he had thought, and a war with an Indian king named Porus showed
that India would not fall easily to the Greeks.
Porus was powerful both as a man and a king. He stood seven feet tall, a widely-feared
ruler and warrior. He fielded an army that was a match for the Greeks, but Porus' army
had an additional advantage: war elephants. This marked their first real encounter with
elephants in battle, and it terrified the Greeks. Worse yet, Alexander met Porus during the
monsoon season and faced him across a river in flood.
Despite all this, Alexander defeated Porus, killing the king's two sons. Alexander forced
Porus into an alliance, a policy he had followed elsewhere. Having secured the upper Indus
River valley, Alexander began to push into the interior of India. The land became dry, but
the cities and kingdoms were formidable. As they pressed on, the locals spoke of endless
kingdoms to the east, and another great river, and still more kingdoms beyond that. No one
knew of any end to them. At last, his men refuse to go any further. They had refused
before, more than once. Each time, Alexander harangued and persuaded and sulked in his
tent for days, and eventually the men, terrified of the prospect of being without their hero,
had given in. Not this time.
Alexander realized the temper of his army and reluctantly gave the command to return to
Persia. This was no small task in itself. Going back by way of the Himalayas and
Afghanistan was out of the question. The best course seemed to be to work their way down
the Indus River to the Indian Ocean.
It took a year to do it. The Greeks had to fight their way down the Indus, the lower course
of which had many strong cities. At one of these, Alexander was wounded by an arrow that
pierced his lung. For three weeks he was near death, but he eventually recovered.
Once at the Indian Ocean, the Greeks built a fleet of ships. Half the army travelled with
by sea, while Alexander took the other half by land along the coast, each army supporting
the other. The return to Persian was a heroic accomplishment and is yet another testament
to the strength of discipline among the Macedonians.
Alexander reached Susa in 324. He had been on campaign continuously for five years.