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PEAK 404 Exercise Physiology
Exam 2 Study Guide
1. Be able to describe the role of hormones (in general) in the body.
2. Be able to explain how hormone concentration and receptor concentration affect the “strength” of the
hormone’s message.
3. Be able to describe how Type II Diabetes is the result of receptor concentration change.
4. Be able to describe the role of insulin and how exercise decreases the need for insulin.
5. Be able to describe the role of other hormones in the sparing of glycogen and the reason for this.
6. Be able to describe the components of the circulatory system: heart and vessels.
7. Be able to describe the purposes of the circulatory system.
8. Be able to describe the structure of the heart (4 chambers only) and blood flow circuits.
9. Be able to describe the cardiac cycle.
10. Be able to describe the pressures found with a blood pressure measurement and the threshold values associated
with healthy and unhealthy states.
11. Be able to describe the mechanism and location of the pacemaker of the heart.
12. Be able to describe the role of an electrocardiogram and generate a typical cardiac electrical activity profile
complete with labels and definitions of each deflection.
13. Be able to define cardiac output, stroke volume and heart rate.
14. Be able to calculate cardiac output, stroke volume, and heart rate from given data.
15. Be able to describe systems that control heart rate and stroke volume.
16. Be able to describe the effect of aortic pressure on stroke volume.
17. Be able to describe ventricular contractility and its role in affecting stroke volume.
18. Be able to describe the impact of vessel diameter on blood flow, pressure and resistance.
19. Be able to calculate mean arterial pressure (MAP) and describe how and why pressure changes across the
systemic circulation.
20. Be able to describe the mechanisms (2) used to increase oxygen delivery during exercise.
21. Be able to describe the conditions that lead to increased HR and BP.
22. Be able to describe HR, BP, and cardiac output changes that occur from rest to exercise, during incremental
exercise, and during prolonged exercise.
23. Be able to describe the advantage of having a reduced resting HR.
24. Be able to describe the role of the respiratory system at rest and during exercise.
25. Be able describe the conducting and respiratory zones in the lungs and the function of each component.
26. Be able to define and calculate pulmonary ventilation (VE).
27. Be able to describe the pulmonary volumes and capacities and generate a labeled spirogram.
28. Be able to describe the mechanisms (4) that help oxygen move from the atmosphere to the tissues and carbon
dioxide from the tissues to the atmosphere.
29. Be able to describe the percentage of oxygen, carbon dioxide and nitrogen in air.
30. Be able to describe the fate of oxygen inhaled from room air and the source of carbon dioxide exhaled into
room air and why the blood cannot be “loaded” with extra oxygen.
31. Be able to describe the carrier/shuttle of oxygen in the muscle.
32. Be able to describe the transport mechanisms of carbon dioxide in the blood.
33. Be able to describe the role of bicarbonate in the blood and how hydrogens, carbon dioxide, and
hyperventilation affect the acid-base balance of the body (hint: use the formula).
34. Be able to describe the effect of respiratory gases on ventilation at rest and during exercise.
35. Be able to describe the change in ventilation that occurs during incremental exercise up to 50-75% of maximum
intensity and above 50-75% of maximum intensity.
36. Be able to describe the mechanism for the change in ventilation (Tvent) during exercise of increasing intensity.
37. Be able to calculate breathing frequency, tidal volume, and volume per breath from ventilatory data.