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2nd 6 weeks Review Cell Theory Three Parts 1. All living things contain at least one cell 2. Cells are the smallest structural and functional units of life 3. Cells can only come from pre-existing cells Modern 1. The cell contains hereditary information (DNA) which is passed on from cell to cell during cell division 2. All cells are basically the same in chemical composition (what they are made up of) and metabolic activities (what they do) 3. All basic chemical and physiological functions are carried out inside the cells (movement, digestion, respiration, protein synthesis, response to stimuli, etc.) 4. Cell activity depends on the activities of sub-cellular structures within the cell (organelles, nucleus, plasma membrane) Names to Know: Redi, Leeuwenhoek, Hooke, Spallanzani, Pastuer, Schleiden, Schwann, Virchow Levels of Organization Least to greatest: atom, molecule, organelle, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism, population, community, ecosystem, biosphere Genetic Material Base pairs – The “steps” in the molecule DNA – The twisted ladder, molecule Gene – Enough DNA to code for one characteristic or trait Chromosomes - 1,000s of genes together, passed on to offspring during reproduction, stored in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells Heredity - The passing of traits from parent to offspring Genetics – The study of heredity Names to Know – Rosalind Franklin, James Watson, Francis Crick Homeostasis Homeostasis describes an environment that supports the survival of cells. All of your body systems work together to maintain a balance, a sameness (homeostasis) inside your body. Homeostasis is achieved by making sure the temperature, pH (acidity), oxygen, glucose and countless other factors are set just right for your cells to survive. Stimulus – any change in an organism’s environment that causes the organism to react. Response – how an organism reacts to a stimulus and results in a change of behavior Cells Cell membrane – controls what enters and exits the cell Cell wall – provides strength and shape to plant cells (plant cell only) Nucleus – were genetic material is stored. Directs the activities of the cell. Cytoplasm – the flowing, jelly-like material where other cell organelles are located Mitochondrion – the cell organelle that produces energy used within the cell. Chloroplast – organelle that contains chlorophyll and where plat cell photosynthesis occurs (plant cells only) Vacuole – storage organelle for the cell. Stores items such as water, food, wastes and proteins. Large in plants and provides a supporting structural role. Small and numerous in animal cells. Prokaryotic – cells that do not contain a nucleus Eukaryotic – cells that contain a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles Turgor Pressure Also called turgidity, is the main pressure of the cell contents against the cell wall in plant cells. Turgid plant cells contain more water than flaccid cells and exert a greater pressure on its cell walls. See the diagram in your spiral.