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Chapter 24: The Great Depression & The New Deal, 1929-1940
APUSH
Name: ___________________
Date: ___________________
Page 1 of 7
Key Topics
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The events leading to Pearl Harbor and the declaration of war
The marshaling of national resources for war
American society during wartime
The Mobilization of Americans into the armed forces
The war in Europe and Asia
Diplomacy and the atomic bomb
With the end of The Great War…
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“Everything for which America fought has been accomplished.” --Woodrow Wilson
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Hoped that the US would help “aid the establishment of _______________________ throughout the world.”
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Not going to happen!
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______________________
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Economic Depression
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Begin a rise of antidemocratic gov’ts in both Europe & Asia
America’s Position
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The rise of dictatorships discouraged many Americans
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Americans began to support isolationism
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Basically, the US was trying to remain…. _____________________
American Isolationism
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The failure of peace efforts such as the Kellogg Briand Treaty during the 1920s disillusioned many Americans about international involvement.
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The U.S. was in a major depression throughout the 1930s and was mostly concerned with its own problems.
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Conflict in Europe seemed distant, and the U.S. tried to remain neutral. This policy weakened the European democracies.
DEPRESSION ERA ISOLATIONISM:
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ECONOMIC ISOLATIONISM:
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Concentrate on our own economic problems first
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FDR wrecks 1933 London Economic Conference of 66 nations by putting America’s interests first
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Tydings-McDuffie Act, 1934
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Promises Philippines independence in _________ years
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U.S. pulling out of Asia
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Japan sees U.S. as __________________
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Good Neighbor Policy
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Non-intervention policy adopted at ______________________________, 1933
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________________________________________ (Cuba) repealed, 1934
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U.S. out of _____________ by 1934
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Refuse to intervene in Mexico in 1938
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RECOGNITION OF SOVIET UNION, 1933
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__________’s major rival
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FDR’s goals:
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hopes recognition would _________ Japanese aggression
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Would provide new __________________/aid US farmers
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Also might provide _______ against German threat in Europe
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NEUTRALITY ACTS OF 1935, ’36, ‘37
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An impact of Nye Committee
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Attempt to avoid being drawn into war
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No Americans on ___________________ships
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No sale or transport of munitions to a belligerent
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No ___________ either
Neutrality Acts
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Neutrality Act of 1935
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Made it illegal for Americans to sell arms to any country _______________
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Neutrality Act of 1936
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Made it illegal to sell arms to any side in the midst of a ______________
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Neutrality Act of 1937
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Required warring countries to buy ________________ supplies from the US on a “______________________________” basis
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Had to send its own ships to pick up the goods. Why? Sinking of neutral US ships helped bring the US into the Great War.
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Had to pay in cash. Loans were NOT ALLOWED!
Roosevelt’s Position
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First priority was ending the Depression
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NOT an __________________
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Believed in ___________________________
Chapter 24: The Great Depression & The New Deal, 1929-1940
APUSH
Name: ___________________
Date: ___________________
Page 2 of 7
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Idea that trade between nations creates prosperity & helps to prevent war
However, he knew the public wanted isolationism, so signed all of the neutrality acts
MAJOR CAUSES OF WWII
 Treaty of Versailles
 Worldwide Depression
 Japanese expansionism
 Rise of Italian fascism
 Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
 Anti-communism
 Appeasement
 Militarism
 Nationalism
 U.S. isolationism
Worldwide Economic Depression
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Many European economies unstable after WWI.
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1920s boom in U.S. helped sustain worldwide trade.
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The 1929 stock market crash in the U.S. and the resulting Great Depression spread throughout the world. U.S. restrictive tariff policies worsened the
depression.
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As economies plummeted and unemployment rose, many people turned to powerful leaders and governments who promised success through
military buildup and the conquest of territory.
CAUSES OF JAPANESE EXPANSIONISM:
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___________________________________ – doubles between 1872 & 1925
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RAPID INDUSTRIALIZATION - need for new markets & raw materials
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BITTERNESS TOWARD WEST
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From Washington conference treaties (Japan terminated them)
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____________________________________
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MILITARISM!
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In 1931 Japan invaded _________________________ for raw materials.
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The same year, Japan began to attack China, with full-scale war breaking out in 1937 in the ____________________________ War.
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In 1938, war broke out between Japan and the Soviet Union
The Rise of Fascism in Italy
Fascism is a totalitarian form of government which:
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Glorifies the _________
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Has one leader and one party
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All aspects of society are controlled by the ________________________
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No opposition or protests are tolerated
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Propaganda and ____________________are widely practiced
Anti-Communism
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Under communism, all means of _______________________ are controlled by the government, as are ___________, the ____________, and all other
aspects of society.
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The 1930s saw the rise of many totalitarian regimes; but most people chose fascism over communism.
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Hitler exploited people’s fear of a communist takeover in Germany to rise to power in 1933.
Militarism
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The glorification of __________, in which a nation strengthens its military and stockpiles weapons in preparation for war.
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An important aspect of militarism is that the glorification of war is incorporated into all levels of society, including ____________ of the nation’s youth.
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Militaristic societies have existed throughout human history. Example: _______________________________
Nationalism
 Nationalism is the belief in the superiority of one’s own nation over all others.
 In the extreme, it can lead to major conflicts between nations.
 Hitler, Mussolini, and Japan’s Tojo each touted their nation’s ability to dominate all others in the years leading up to WWII.
TOTALITARIAN GOVERNMENTS
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TOTALITARIAN: Government that totally controls the lives of its citizens; uses terror to suppress individual rights and silence its opposition
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JOSEPH STALIN:
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Changed the Soviet economy by pouring $ into basic industry (steel, oil, etc.) and a government takeover of agriculture –
“_____________________________”
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Established control through his “_______________________”
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“Purged” his enemies and undesirables
Chapter 24: The Great Depression & The New Deal, 1929-1940
APUSH
Name: ___________________
Date: ___________________
Page 3 of 7
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Over 7 million arrested by 1939
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A million executed
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More in labor camps
BENITO MUSSOLINI
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Believed Italy had been wronged in Treaty of Versailles
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not enough ___________
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Goal was to improve economy & create a new __________________________ – take control of Mediterranean
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Took Ethiopia, Africa by 1936
ADOLF HITLER
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Vienna - artist or architect? Fails both
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Educates self
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Moves to Munich, Germany – evades ______________
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WWI starts, joins German army
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Gassed – __________
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Nazi Party, 1919
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Attempted overthrow, 1923, jailed
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“___________________”
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Chancellor, 1933
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Withdraws from League of Nations
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Vicious anti-Semitism BUT, US citizens did not want immigration laws changed to help refugees
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“___________________” (Dictator), 1934
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Gained support promises to rebuild economy & restore German empire
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Goal is Eastern Europe
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Takes Austria, 1938
WHAT DID HITLER & MUSSOLINI HAVE IN COMMON?
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Both established totalitarian gov’ts (complete gov’t control over its citizens)
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Both believed in fascism (military dictatorship based on extreme nationalism at expense of individual rights)
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Both blamed their nation’s problems on their “___________________” Hitler - the Jews; Mussolini - the Communists
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Both silenced their opposition by force
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Both hinted at war to _____________________________________________
THE TEAMS:
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ALLIES
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GREAT BRITAIN - ________________
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FRANCE - Free French forces: De Gaulle & Vichy France (German occupation): Petain
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SOVIET UNION - STALIN
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UNITED STATES - FDR
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AXIS POWERS
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GERMANY- HITLER
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ITALY - MUSSOLINI
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JAPAN - EMPEROR ______________ & PRIME MINISTER ________
Appeasement – Munich Conference Sept. 1938
Appeasement - the act of giving in to an enemy’s demands in hopes of __________________________________________
In 1938, Hitler demanded that Czechoslovakia cede the ______________________________ to Germany - he claimed that the German population
living there was being mistreated.
British and French prime ministers agreed to Hitler’s demands without consulting Czechoslovakian leaders – hoped this would avoid a war in Europe.
“Peace in Our Time”
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European leaders did not try to stop Hitler’s attempts at conquest
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Why not??
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Wanted to avoid war – effects of WWI still looming
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Some thought Hitler’s demand that all German-speaking nations be unified was _____________________
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Thought that Nazis would be more interested in peace once they gained more territory
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Events Leading to WWII
Nazi-Soviet Nonaggression Pact
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August, 1939 GER & USSR signed pact
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Stalin thought this was the best way to keep the country safe & out of war
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Shocked the world! Communism & Nazism were complete _______________________!
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Treaty also included a clause to divide __________________ between GER & USSR
EARLY EVENTS:
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Between April & June, 1940 Hitler takes nearly all Western Europe, including France
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Largest military retreat in history occurs at ______________________, France
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British & French retreated to beaches of Dunkirk, France
Chapter 24: The Great Depression & The New Deal, 1929-1940
APUSH
Name: ___________________
Date: ___________________
Page 4 of 7
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A nine day rescue effort using 850 British military & private boats
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rescued approx. 38,000 troops & escorted them across the English Channel back to Great Britain.
FDR begins secret ______________________ program
Hitler begins to bomb/starve Great Britain – Battle of _______________________
France falls to Germany in June 1940 & will remain occupied by Nazis until 1944
Back at Home…
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U.S. feels threatened & begins 1st _______________________draft in history (“Selective Service Act”)
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18-21 year olds
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16 million
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Congress appropriates $_________________ for defense (even though U.S. is not at war)
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FDR is elected to a third term of office in Nov. 1940
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ONLY time in U.S. history this has happened.
LEND-LEASE AID
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FDR enacts Lend-lease program (_____________________has power)
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“Send _______________, not ________________!”
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Isolationist Senators oppose
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Hitler realizes this means no more neutrality
SOVIETS JOIN THE ALLIES
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Hitler double-crosses Soviets and attacks them in June 1941
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For __________________________________ he needed
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Soviets then join the Allies
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U.S. and BR agree to offer Lend-Lease Aid to the Soviets
TOJO becomes Prime Minister of Japan
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Japan takes _________________________
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FDR responds in 3 ways:
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Freeze all Japanese assets in U.S.
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Reduced oil shipments to Japan
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Sends General _______________________ to the ___________________ to be ready for war
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Export Control Act
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The US controlled much of the Japan’s key materials
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_____________________________________
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FDR wanted to put pressure on Japan to leave British territory in the Pacific alone
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July 1940 – Congress passes Act which gives FDR power to restrict the sale of __________________________ to other nations
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FDR immediately blocked the sale of airplane fuel & scrap iron to Japan
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Japan signs an alliance with Germany & Italy and officially joins the Axis
Japan Attacks Pearl Harbor
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Nov. 26, 1941 – Japan sends 6 aircraft carriers, 2 battleships, & several other warships in route to Hawaii
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The next day, the US intercepts info that Japan is preparing for war, but they never plainly say that Pearl Harbor will be a target
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Washington, D.C. did not put the base on alert
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_____________________ - Japan’s surprise attack did a lot of damage
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sank/damaged 8 battleships, 3 cruisers, 4 destroyers & 6 other vessels
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188 Air planes
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___________ Americans died; ___________ injured
AMERICA ENTERS WORLD WAR II
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“Dec. 7, 1941, a date which will live in ____________…” FDR
In the Army Now
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1940, the Selective Service& Training Act was passed
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First _______________draft in American history
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First round of draftees overwhelmed army training facilities & there was a lack of supplies
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Troops carried ___________ to represent guns, threw __________ instead of grenades, & practiced driving with trucks carrying signs that
read “________________”
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New soldiers given smallpox & typhoid shots
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Issued uniforms with the label “___________________________” (this is where US soldiers get the nickname “GI”)
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Endured _____ weeks of basic training
African Americans in the War
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The U.S. military was still segregated
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African American troops had separate barracks, latrines, mess halls, & recreational facilities
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Generally under the command of a white officer
Chapter 24: The Great Depression & The New Deal, 1929-1940
APUSH
Name: ___________________
Date: ___________________
Page 5 of 7
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“____________” campaign
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Newspaper argued that African Americans should join the war to achieve a double victory – one over Hitler’s racism & one over racism at
home
_________________ Airmen
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First African American air force squadron
A Nation on the Move
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The wartime economy created millions of new jobs, but many Americans had to move to get to them
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Most Americans headed west & south in search of jobs
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New industrial region: the ___________
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For the first time since the Industrial Revolution, the South & West led the way in manufacturing & urbanization
Japanese American Relocation
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After Pearl Harbor, newspapers printed rumors about Japanese ___________ in the Japanese-American communities
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Many congressmen demanded that all people of Japanese ancestry be removed from the West Coast & relocated
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Did not believe that they would remain loyal in a war against Japan
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1942, Sec of War _____________ declared most of the West Coast as a ___________________ & moved Japanese Americans to 10 internment camps
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Supreme court ruled that relocation was constitutional because it was based on “______________________________,” not race.
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S.Court did rule that loyal American citizens could ______________________ against their will – release of American Japanese began
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No Japanese American was ever tried for espionage or sabotage
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Many served as _____________________ throughout the war
WAR PRODUCTION BOARD
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is set up to direct conversion of peacetime industries to industries producing war goods.
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Ends production of “____________________” items
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US produced double as many war goods alone as Germany, Italy & Japan combined
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RATIONING!
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Bicycles, beer cans, refrigerators, toothpaste tubes, etc. all cut back or banned
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Other items rationed?______________________________________________________
Rationing
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To stabilize both wages & prices, Roosevelt created the _________________________________________________
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When there was shortage of raw materials & supplies, the OPA began rationing products
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Rationing = limiting the availability of a product
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Each month, a family was given a book of ration _____________________
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In order to make a purchase, not only did you have to have enough cash, but also enough coupon points
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People were encouraged to start growing ______________________ again
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Scrap drives became a source for gathering unused raw materials like rubber, tin, aluminum, & steel
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GAS RATIONING STAMPS
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Americans, on average, received 3 gallons of gas per week per family.
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And Americans saved junk for the war effort
YALTA Conference, Yalta, U.S.S.R., February 1945
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Last meeting between the ____________
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Split Germany into _____ zones of occupation
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Split Berlin into ____ zones of occupation
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Agree to meet April 1945 in San Francisco & form ______________________
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Stalin promises free elections in Eastern Europe
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Stalin promises to enter war against Japan after Germany defeated
BATTLE OF STALINGRAD
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Soviets outnumbered and out-supplied in beginning.
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Average life expectancy of a reinforcement solider in Stalingrad was only _____________
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Much hand to hand combat; urban combat - ____________
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Soviet winter helps them finally defeat the Germans
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German losses – 150,000 & 91,000 captured
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Soviet losses – over 500,000; Stalingrad reduced to rubble
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__________________ in the War for the Europeans! Soviets now begin the advance on Germany
NORTH AFRICA
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__________________________!
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Keep Germans out of the Middle East
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Br-Am. troops defeat Germans in North Africa, May 1943
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Gen__________ (U.S.); Gen. __________ (Germany)
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Opens up invasion of southern Europe thru Italy
Chapter 24: The Great Depression & The New Deal, 1929-1940
APUSH
Name: ___________________
Date: ___________________
Page 6 of 7
ITALY
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British and US troops take Sicily and then invade southern Italy
Mussolini is overthrown & Rome surrenders
Fighting continues in northern Italy
D-Day
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The Largest Amphibious Invasion in History
More than 1 million Allied troops brought in
____________________________________________________
Open a western front, allowing for movement across France – Patton pushing Germans out
Allies now begin the advance on Germany.
Hitler is now forced to split his forces
BATTLE OF THE BULGE, 12/44
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Hitler’s _________ – his last offensive – known as “Operation ____________”
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Made Allied lines “bulge” for over 60 miles but never broke through
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Last major battle of war; Nazis realize it’s over
The Nuremberg Laws
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Passed in Germany in Sept. 1935
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Took away German citizenship from all German Jews
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Made it illegal for a Jew to marry a German
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Legally defined Jew
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_________________________________________________
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Jews were not allowed to hold public office or vote
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By 1938, were banned from practicing law & medicine, as well as from operating businesses
Jewish Refugees
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Between 1933 when Hitler took power & 1939 when WWII started, 350,000 Jews escaped Germany
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By 1938, the American consulate had a backlog of over 100,000 visa applications from Jews trying to leave Germany
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After the Austrian ___________________, 3,000 Austrian Jews applied for American visas daily
Immigration Issues in the US
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In the United States, laws restricted granting a visa to anyone “likely to become a _____________________.”
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Germany had forced Jews to leave any wealth behind
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Were only allowed a little over $4 when the left Germany
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High unemployment rates in the 1930s made immigration politically unpopular
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Previous immigration policies set quotas on the number of immigrants allowed in each year
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Did not have a clause or exception for refugees or victims of prosecution
The Final Solution
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Jan. 20, 1942 – __________________ Conference
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Purpose: To determine the “final solution of the Jewish question”
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Possible Solutions:
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Rounding up “_______________,” shooting them, and placing them in mass graves
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Placing “undesirables” into trucks, then pumping exhaust fumes back into the truck
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Both solutions proved inefficient & time consuming
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The Nazis decided upon concentration camps & extermination camps
Concentration Camps
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First camp established in 1933 to jail political opponents
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______________________
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One of the 1st & the largest
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Built in Germany in 1937
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Over 200,000 prisoners worked 12-hour shifts as slave laborers
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No gas chambers, though hundreds died from exhaustion
Extermination Camps
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Were built after the Wannsee Conference
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Built within many existing concentration camps, primarily in Poland
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________________ was among the well-known
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__________________
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Housed more than 100,000 people in 300 barracks
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Gas chambers killed up to 12,000 people per day
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Afterwards, their bodies were burned in the crematoriums
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Of the 1,600,000 people who died at Auschwitz, 1,300,000 were Jewish (the rest were Poles, Soviet POWs, and Gypsies)
Chapter 24: The Great Depression & The New Deal, 1929-1940
APUSH
Name: ___________________
Date: ___________________
Page 7 of 7
MAY 8, 1945 = __________________________
Refocusing on Japan
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Military Strategy against the Japanese is ISLAND HOPPING: capturing key islands to cut off Japanese supply lines and to use as bases for attack against
the Japanese islands
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U.S. Commanders in the Pacific
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General ________________________
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Admiral ________________________
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Philippines fall in April 1942
THE DOOLITTLE RAIDS, April 1942
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Secret mission from USS Hornet
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B-52s took off from Hornet & bombed Tokyo – first bombing of Japan
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Had to crash land in China (could not land on aircraft carriers)
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Most of the pilots survived
TIMELINE OF EVENTS IN THE PACIFIC:
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Battle of the Coral Sea – 5/42
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Halts Japanese advance on Australia
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Japanese had overextended themselves
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First all-aircraft battle
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Battle of Midway – 6/42
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3 day air battle; US sinks 4 Japanese carriers
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______________________________________
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Battle of Guadalcanal – 8/42 – 2/43
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Victory guaranteed Japanese would not disrupt U.S. – Australian shipping lanes
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Fire bombing of Tokyo March 1945 (napalm)
OKINAWA June 1945
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Only 350 mi. from Japanese mainland
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Ground invasion to take place from here
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279 Kamikaze hits here
The End of the War
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In less than four years, the US achieved what no other nation had ever done – it fought and won a _____________ war against two powerful military
empires, forcing each to surrender unconditionally.
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“For all the fake manliness… we cried with relief & joy. We were going to live. We were going to grow up to adulthood after all.”
The United Nations (UN)
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Before his death, FDR thought that a new world organization would help to prevent another world war
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In 1944, delegates from ______ countries met in Washington, D.C. to discuss the new organization
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April 15, 1945 – representatives from50 countries met to design the UN’s _________, or constitution
Putting the Enemy on Trial
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In the summer of 1945, the US, Britain, France, & the Soviet Union created the ____________________________________
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Designed to try the German leaders of WWII suspected of committing war crimes
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The trials were held in Nuremberg, Germany & called the _______________________________
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22 leaders were prosecuted
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3 acquitted, 7 given prison sentences, 12 sentenced to death by hanging
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Trials of lower-ranking officers were done in 1949
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24 more were executed & 107 given prison sentences
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Similar trials were held in Tokyo
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Emperor not tried
Review Questions
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What were the reasons that during the 1930s so many Americans strongly opposed playing an active role in foreign affairs?
What were American goals in WWII? Can you make a connection between those goals and the goals in WWI?
Most Americans believe that the US won the war with a little help from the Soviets. Most Russians believe the opposite. Which side is closer to the truth? Can you anticipate that these differences of
opinion could lead to problems after the war?
In what ways did women and minorities benefit from their WWII experience? Can you anticipate how this would lead to problems after the war?
Why were Japanese Americans singled out for special treatment? Why no German or Italian Americans?
Harry Truman claimed that dropping the bomb saved half a million lives. Do you buy his explanation?
What steps did Roosevelt take in the late 1930s to prepare the US for war?
What led to the internment of Japanese-Americans?
What role did women play in the armed forces during WWII?
What were the main elements of the Allied war strategy?
How did Truman explain his decision to use the atomic bomb against the Japanese?