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Geology 12 Exam Review:
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It is important for you to review your notes, textbook questions and assignments.
Correcting your tests will make them a very valuable study guide as they summarize topics from
each unit.
You have learned many new terms and most of the important ones are listed below.
List of Terms:
Accretion
Asthenosphere
Lithosphere
Core
Crust
Differentiation
Geology
Igneous rock
Sedimentary rock
Metamorphic rock
Magma
Mantle
Inner core
Outer core
Tectonic plates
Pangea
Alfred wegner
Plate tectonics
Rock cycle
Continental drift
Convection currents
Convergent plate boundary
Divergent plate boundary
Transform plate boundary
Island arc
Mid-ocean ridge
Mantle plume
Trench
Rift valley
Sea-floor spreading
Subduction
Epicenter
Focus
Aftershock
Foreshock
Intensity
Magnitude
Seismograph
Seismogram
Body wave
Surface wave
Tsunami
elastic rebound theory
liquefaction
Deposition
Erosion
Lithification
Compaction
Cementation
Clastic sedimentary rocks
Chemical sedimentary rocks
Organic sedimentary rocks
Evaporates
Weathering (chemical and
mechanical)
Residual soils
Transported soils
Exfoliation
Differential weathering
Deltas
Alluvial fans
Sediment
pillow basalt
columnar jointing
plateau basalt
Aa, pahoehoe
Volcanic dome
Pyroclastic flow
Fire mountain
Lava bomb
Mafic
Feslic
Index minerals
Surface mining
Parent rock
Foliation
Confining pressure
Directional pressure
Metamorphism
Contact metamorphism
Regional metamorphism
Geothermal gradient
Progressive metamorphism
Shock metamorphism
Recrystalization
Basin
Source rock
Reservoir rock
Seal rock
Oil pool
Oil field
Porosity
Permeability
Reserves
Resources
Surface mining
Subsurface mining
Overburden
Open-pit mining
Dredging
Strip-mining
Crude oil
Natural gas
Gusher
water cycle
zone of saturation
zone of aeration
effluent streams
influent streams
springs
aquifer
artesian well
recharge rate
subsidence
salt water contamination
hot springs
geysers
glacier
firn
ice sheet
ice cap
ice shelf
iceberg
piedmont glaciers
zone of fracture
The following concepts cover most of the key concepts you should know from previous topics.
Plate tectonics:
- plate fusion
- mantle plumes, what are they how do they affect the earth’s crust (islands, geysers, breaking continental
plates)
- be able to describe various landforms created by different plate boundaries
Earthquakes:
- how do we measure them (richter scale, moment magnitude, mercalli index)
- be able to locate the epicentre (triangulation), read a time-distance graph
- what steps can we take to protect ourselves against them (buildings)
- types of waves (P, S, Love, Rayleigh), their properties and effects
- Earthquake damage (ground motion, liquefaction, base isolators, building location,
- Tsunamis- how are they created, characteristics, label a diagram of features.
Weathering, sedimentary rocks:
- know and be able to describe the different kinds of chemical and mechanical weathering
- how are sedimentary rocks formed
- be able to label and describe layers of soil horizon
- how and when was the grand canyon formed
- understand stream velocity and gradient and how it affects weathering and transport
- factors that affect soil depth
- residual vs transported soil
- soil types in wet vs dry environments
Volcanoes:
- Be able to draw, name and describe the eruption types of all three volcano types
- be able to draw and label a diagram of a volcano
- understand the factors that affect eruption type (gas content, viscosity) what combinations make violent
eruptions vs gentle eruptions
- what comes out of a volcano? How does it affect areas surrounding them?
Igneous rocks:
- identify key properties of igneous rocks and use them to explain how the rock was formed (intrusive,
extrusive, felsic, mafic, fine grained, coarse grained)
- Bowen’s reaction series
Minerology:
- what is a mineral
- how do we test mineral properties?
- Naica caves- how did the crystals form? Where are they?
Metamorphic rocks:
- Evidence of metamorphism
- What is needed for metamorphic rocks to form
- 3 main metamorphic environments
- How does the parent rock affect the properties of the metamorphic rock
- Know the different kinds of metamorphism
Economic minerals
- Formation of an oil resevoir
- Where do we find oil and gas
- What is the difference between oil reserve and oil resources
- 3 main types of resources
- How do geologists find resources
- Surface mining vs subsurface mining, which is better for the environment
- Oil production in Canada (Alberta, Hibernia)
- Tar sands, where are they, how are retrieved,
Groundwater and Glaciers:
- Hydrological cycle (be able to label a diagram and explain it’s parts)
- Freshwater resources (how much, where are they
- How are hot springs and geysers formed
- Groundwater as a resource, renewable or non-renewable
- How do glaciers move?
- Canada’s groundwater resources
- How can the water table be forced to drop
- How do sinkholes form (two ways)
- Contamination of aquifers (types, prevention)
Note: The Groundwater and glacier review section may be adjusted depending on what material we cover
before the end of the term.