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Section 2: Animal Diversity Study Guide A KEY CONCEPT More than 95 percent of all animal species are invertebrates. VOCABULARY vertebrate radial symmetry invertebrate protostome phylum deuterostome bilateral symmetry MAIN IDEA: Each animal phylum has a unique body plan. Fill in the blank with the word or phrase that best completes the sentence. 1. A vertebrate is an animal with an internal segmented _______________. Vertebrates make up less than _______________ percent of all known animal species. 2. Invertebrates are animals without _______________. Invertebrates make up over _______________ percent of all known animal species. 3. Animals are divided into more than 30 major groups, which are called phyla. Each group of animals is defined by _______________ and _______________ characteristics. 4. Differences in body plans result from differences in the expression of _______________ genes. Circle the word or phrase that best completes the statement. 5. Homeobox (Hox) genes tell embryonic / protostome genes which part of the body they are going to become, such as the head, middle, or tail. 6. Mutations in a Hox gene can change an animal’s entire body plan. Therefore, over time, mutations lead to a greater / lower diversity of animal body plans. 7. An increase in oxygen / nitrogen levels in the atmosphere might account for the development of so many unique body plans during the Cambrian explosion. As the levels rose, eukaryotic organisms could become more active and occupy different niches within an ecosystem. © Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Holt McDougal Biology Study Guide A 1 Invertebrate Diversity Section 1: Animal Characteristics Name ______________________________ Class ___________________ Date __________________ Study Guide A continued MAIN IDEA: Animals are grouped using a variety of criteria. For each type of symmetry, complete the description and sketch a picture of an animal that exhibits that type of symmetry. Symmetry Description Sketch 8. bilateral Can be divided equally along ____________ plane(s), which splits an animal into ____________ mirrorimage sides. 9. radial Have body parts arranged in a ____________ around a central axis. MAIN IDEA: A comparison of structure and genetics reveals the evolutionary history of animals. Place the words and phrases from the box into the blanks within the table to show how protostomes and deuterostomes have different developmental patterns. Some words may be used more than once. anus mouth pouches created by folds in the gut tube radial cleavage spiral cleavage separations in the mesoderm Protostomes Deuterostomes 10. The first opening of the digestive cavity develops into the ____________. 14. The first opening of the digestive cavity develops into the ____________. 11. The ____________ is formed second. 15. The ____________ is formed second. 12. The gut cavity is formed from 16. The gut cavity is formed from ____________________________. ____________________________. 13. Early cell divisions lead to an 17. Early cell divisions lead to an eight-celled embryo in a twisted eight-celled embryo in an arrangement called ____________. arrangement called ____________. © Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Holt McDougal Biology Study Guide A 2 Invertebrate Diversity Section 2: Animal Diversity Name ______________________________ Class ___________________ Date __________________ Study Guide A continued Vocabulary Check Fill in the blank with the word or phrase that best completes the sentence. 18. A phylum is a group of animals defined by ______________ and ______________ characteristics that are different from every other animal group. 19. The first opening of a protostome’s digestive cavity develops into the mouth, whereas the second opening of a deuterostome’s digestive cavity develops into the mouth. Stoma means “mouth.” Therefore, proto- must mean ______________ and deutero- must mean ______________. © Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Holt McDougal Biology Study Guide A 3 Invertebrate Diversity Section 2: Animal Diversity Name ______________________________ Class ___________________ Date __________________ Section 4: Flatworms, Mollusks, and Annelids Study Guide A KEY CONCEPT Flatworms, mollusks, and annelids belong to closely related phyla. VOCABULARY complete digestive tract hemocoel coelom radula segmentation MAIN IDEA: Flatworms are simple bilateral animals. Circle the word or phrase that best completes the statement. 1. Lophotrochozoa is the name of the kingdom / phylum that has flatworms, mollusks, and annelids. 2. Planarians, flukes, and tapeworms are the three classes / species of flatworms. 3. Flatworms have a solid / hollow body and an incomplete or absent head / gut. 4. Flatworms do not have a circulatory system. They can only move oxygen to their cells by active transport / diffusion. Therefore, all their cells must be closer to / farther from the outside environment. This leads to their flat shape. Fill in the blank with the word or phrase that best completes the sentence. 5. Schistosomiasis is a disease that occurs in ___________. It is caused by infection from the fluke Schistosoma, which people can contract when they wade in or drink contaminated ___________. Use the words from the box to fill in the blanks in the sentence. Some words may be used more than once. adult egg flies host larva 6. The life cycle of a tapeworm begins when a(n) ___________ is passed with an animal’s feces. A(n) ___________ eats the ___________, which develops into a(n) ___________ within the ___________’s body. Another animal is infected when it accidentally eats the infected ___________. The ___________ develops into a(n) ___________ in its ___________’s intestines, and the life cycle begins again. © Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Holt McDougal Biology Study Guide A 4 Invertebrate Diversity Section 4: Flatworms, Mollusks, and Annelids Name ______________________________ Class ___________________ Date __________________ Study Guide A continued MAIN IDEA: Mollusks are diverse animals. Circle the word or phrase that best completes the statement. 7. A complete digestive tract consists of two openings—a mouth and an anus—at the same end / opposite ends of a continuous tube. 8. What are the three benefits of having a complete digestive tract? a. An animal can be more active. b. An animal can digest food more efficiently. c. An animal can taste a greater variety of foods. d. An animal can eat continuously. e. An animal can find food more easily. f. An animal can go longer without eating. Complete the following chart with a description of each of the three shared anatomical features of mollusks. Anatomical Feature Description radula 9. a file-like organ used for _______________ mantle 10. an area of tissue that covers the internal _______________ ctenidia 11. flat _______________ found in a pocket of mantle tissue called the mantle cavity Fill in the blank with the word or phrase that best completes the sentence. 12. A hemocoel is part of the circulatory system in a ______________. The hemocoel consists of spaces between cells within the animal’s tissues. ______________ is pumped through these spaces. MAIN IDEA: Annelids have segmented bodies. 13. Earthworms, marine mollusks, and leeches are the three groups of _______________. © Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Holt McDougal Biology Study Guide A 5 Invertebrate Diversity Section 4: Flatworms, Mollusks, and Annelids Name ______________________________ Class ___________________ Date __________________ Study Guide A continued Vocabulary Check Circle the word or phrase that best completes the statement. 14. The word coelom comes from a Greek word that means “cavity.” Annelids have a coelem, which is a fluid-filled cavity completely surrounded by muscle. An annelid uses the coelem to help it to eat / move. © Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Holt McDougal Biology Study Guide A 6 Invertebrate Diversity Section 4: Flatworms, Mollusks, and Annelids Name ______________________________ Class ___________________ Date __________________ Section 6: Echinoderms Study Guide A KEY CONCEPT Echinoderms are on the same evolutionary branch as vertebrates. VOCABULARY ossicle water vascular system MAIN IDEA: Echinoderms have radial symmetry. Use words from the box below to complete the sentence. arm flexible ossicles stiff catch connective internal ring canal water 1. All echinoderms have a(n) __________ skeleton made up of many tiny interlocking calcium-based plates called _____________. 2. The plates are joined together by a unique _________________ tissue with adjustable stiffness. 3. This tissue lets echinoderms change their consistency, going from very ______________ to very ________________ in a matter of seconds. 4. A water vascular system is a series of ____________-filled canals that extend along each _____________ from the ______________________ surrounding the central disk. Circle the word or phrase that best completes the statement. 5. The water vascular system is a part of the circulatory / digestive system. It is also used for protection / movement. Circle the word or phrase that best completes each statement. Then place the sentences in the correct order to describe how a sea star eats a clam. 6. a. excretes waste material from its anus / mouth b. grabs the clam with its tube feet / mouth parts and forces open the clam shell c. pushes its arms / stomach out of its mouth d. uses digestive juices from its mouth / ossicles to dissolve the clam’s body ___________________________ © Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Holt McDougal Biology Study Guide A 7 Invertebrate Diversity Section 6: Echinoderms Name ______________________________ Class ___________________ Date __________________ Study Guide A continued MAIN IDEA: There are five classes of Echinoderms. Complete the following chart about each Echinoderm class with use of the information given below. Physical description: Feeding method: a. covered with tiny projections or long, sharp spines b. fleshy animals with a long bilateral shape c. have long, spindly arms d. most are sessile, usually attached to a surface e. typically have five arms f. feed on waste matter or graze on algae g. filter feeders h. filter feeders, opportunistic algae feeders, or predators i. grazers and sediment feeders j. scavengers or predators Class Physical Description Feeding Method Examples 7. Crinoidea Feather star, sea lily 8. Asteroidea Sea star 9. Ophiuriodea Brittle star, basket star 10. Echinoidea Sea urchin, sea biscuit, sand dollar 11. Holothuroidea Sea cucumber Vocabulary Check Fill in the blank with the word or phrase that best completes the sentence. 12. The term ossicle comes from a Latin word meaning “bone.” This word origin relates to the definition of an ossicle, which is a tiny interlocking calciumbased plate that makes up an echinoderm’s internal _______________. © Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Holt McDougal Biology Study Guide A 8 Invertebrate Diversity Section 6: Echinoderms Name ______________________________ Class ___________________ Date __________________ Study Guide A continued Be Creative 13. Create an informative brochure for a tide pool. Include information about all the different kinds of echinoderms a visitor would find there. © Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Holt McDougal Biology Study Guide A 9 Invertebrate Diversity Section 6: Echinoderms