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Section 2: Animal Diversity
Study Guide A
KEY CONCEPT
More than 95 percent of all animal species are invertebrates.
VOCABULARY
vertebrate
radial symmetry
invertebrate
protostome
phylum
deuterostome
bilateral symmetry
MAIN IDEA: Each animal phylum has a unique body plan.
Fill in the blank with the word or phrase that best completes the sentence.
1. A vertebrate is an animal with an internal segmented _______________.
Vertebrates make up less than _______________ percent of all known
animal species.
2. Invertebrates are animals without _______________. Invertebrates make up
over _______________ percent of all known animal species.
3. Animals are divided into more than 30 major groups, which are called phyla.
Each group of animals is defined by _______________ and _______________
characteristics.
4. Differences in body plans result from differences in the expression of
_______________ genes.
Circle the word or phrase that best completes the statement.
5. Homeobox (Hox) genes tell embryonic / protostome genes which part of the
body they are going to become, such as the head, middle, or tail.
6. Mutations in a Hox gene can change an animal’s entire body plan. Therefore,
over time, mutations lead to a greater / lower diversity of animal body plans.
7. An increase in oxygen / nitrogen levels in the atmosphere might account for
the development of so many unique body plans during the Cambrian
explosion. As the levels rose, eukaryotic organisms could become more active
and occupy different niches within an ecosystem.
© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company
Holt McDougal Biology
Study Guide A
1
Invertebrate Diversity
Section 1: Animal Characteristics
Name ______________________________ Class ___________________ Date __________________
Study Guide A continued
MAIN IDEA: Animals are grouped using a variety of criteria.
For each type of symmetry, complete the description and sketch a picture of an
animal that exhibits that type of symmetry.
Symmetry
Description
Sketch
8. bilateral
Can be divided equally along
____________ plane(s), which splits
an animal into ____________ mirrorimage sides.
9. radial
Have body parts arranged in a
____________ around a central axis.
MAIN IDEA: A comparison of structure and genetics reveals the evolutionary
history of animals.
Place the words and phrases from the box into the blanks within the table to show
how protostomes and deuterostomes have different developmental patterns.
Some words may be used more than once.
anus
mouth
pouches created by folds in the gut tube
radial cleavage
spiral cleavage
separations in the mesoderm
Protostomes
Deuterostomes
10. The first opening of the digestive
cavity develops into the
____________.
14. The first opening of the digestive
cavity develops into the
____________.
11. The ____________ is formed
second.
15. The ____________ is formed
second.
12. The gut cavity is formed from
16. The gut cavity is formed from
____________________________.
____________________________.
13. Early cell divisions lead to an
17. Early cell divisions lead to an
eight-celled embryo in a twisted
eight-celled embryo in an
arrangement called ____________.
arrangement called ____________.
© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company
Holt McDougal Biology
Study Guide A
2
Invertebrate Diversity
Section 2: Animal Diversity
Name ______________________________ Class ___________________ Date __________________
Study Guide A continued
Vocabulary Check
Fill in the blank with the word or phrase that best completes the sentence.
18. A phylum is a group of animals defined by ______________ and
______________ characteristics that are different from every other animal
group.
19. The first opening of a protostome’s digestive cavity develops into the mouth,
whereas the second opening of a deuterostome’s digestive cavity develops into
the mouth. Stoma means “mouth.” Therefore, proto- must mean
______________ and deutero- must mean ______________.
© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company
Holt McDougal Biology
Study Guide A
3
Invertebrate Diversity
Section 2: Animal Diversity
Name ______________________________ Class ___________________ Date __________________
Section 4: Flatworms, Mollusks, and Annelids
Study Guide A
KEY CONCEPT
Flatworms, mollusks, and annelids belong to closely related phyla.
VOCABULARY
complete digestive tract
hemocoel
coelom
radula
segmentation
MAIN IDEA: Flatworms are simple bilateral animals.
Circle the word or phrase that best completes the statement.
1. Lophotrochozoa is the name of the kingdom / phylum that has flatworms,
mollusks, and annelids.
2. Planarians, flukes, and tapeworms are the three classes / species of flatworms.
3. Flatworms have a solid / hollow body and an incomplete or absent head / gut.
4. Flatworms do not have a circulatory system. They can only move oxygen to
their cells by active transport / diffusion. Therefore, all their cells must be
closer to / farther from the outside environment. This leads to their flat shape.
Fill in the blank with the word or phrase that best completes the sentence.
5. Schistosomiasis is a disease that occurs in ___________. It is caused by
infection from the fluke Schistosoma, which people can contract when they
wade in or drink contaminated ___________.
Use the words from the box to fill in the blanks in the sentence. Some words may
be used more than once.
adult
egg
flies
host
larva
6. The life cycle of a tapeworm begins when a(n) ___________ is passed with an
animal’s feces. A(n) ___________ eats the ___________, which develops into
a(n) ___________ within the ___________’s body. Another animal is infected
when it accidentally eats the infected ___________. The ___________
develops into a(n) ___________ in its ___________’s intestines, and the life
cycle begins again.
© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company
Holt McDougal Biology
Study Guide A
4
Invertebrate Diversity
Section 4: Flatworms, Mollusks, and Annelids
Name ______________________________ Class ___________________ Date __________________
Study Guide A continued
MAIN IDEA: Mollusks are diverse animals.
Circle the word or phrase that best completes the statement.
7. A complete digestive tract consists of two openings—a mouth and an anus—at
the same end / opposite ends of a continuous tube.
8. What are the three benefits of having a complete digestive tract?
a. An animal can be more active.
b. An animal can digest food more efficiently.
c. An animal can taste a greater variety of foods.
d. An animal can eat continuously.
e. An animal can find food more easily.
f. An animal can go longer without eating.
Complete the following chart with a description of each of the three shared
anatomical features of mollusks.
Anatomical Feature
Description
radula
9. a file-like organ used for
_______________
mantle
10. an area of tissue that covers the
internal _______________
ctenidia
11. flat _______________ found in a
pocket of mantle tissue called the
mantle cavity
Fill in the blank with the word or phrase that best completes the sentence.
12. A hemocoel is part of the circulatory system in a ______________. The
hemocoel consists of spaces between cells within the animal’s tissues.
______________ is pumped through these spaces.
MAIN IDEA: Annelids have segmented bodies.
13. Earthworms, marine mollusks, and leeches are the three groups of
_______________.
© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company
Holt McDougal Biology
Study Guide A
5
Invertebrate Diversity
Section 4: Flatworms, Mollusks, and Annelids
Name ______________________________ Class ___________________ Date __________________
Study Guide A continued
Vocabulary Check
Circle the word or phrase that best completes the statement.
14. The word coelom comes from a Greek word that means “cavity.” Annelids
have a coelem, which is a fluid-filled cavity completely surrounded by muscle.
An annelid uses the coelem to help it to eat / move.
© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company
Holt McDougal Biology
Study Guide A
6
Invertebrate Diversity
Section 4: Flatworms, Mollusks, and Annelids
Name ______________________________ Class ___________________ Date __________________
Section 6: Echinoderms
Study Guide A
KEY CONCEPT
Echinoderms are on the same evolutionary branch as vertebrates.
VOCABULARY
ossicle
water vascular system
MAIN IDEA: Echinoderms have radial symmetry.
Use words from the box below to complete the sentence.
arm
flexible
ossicles
stiff
catch connective
internal
ring canal
water
1. All echinoderms have a(n) __________ skeleton made up of many tiny
interlocking calcium-based plates called _____________.
2. The plates are joined together by a unique _________________ tissue with
adjustable stiffness.
3. This tissue lets echinoderms change their consistency, going from very
______________ to very ________________ in a matter of seconds.
4. A water vascular system is a series of ____________-filled canals that extend
along each _____________ from the ______________________ surrounding
the central disk.
Circle the word or phrase that best completes the statement.
5. The water vascular system is a part of the circulatory / digestive system. It is
also used for protection / movement.
Circle the word or phrase that best completes each statement. Then place the
sentences in the correct order to describe how a sea star eats a clam.
6. a. excretes waste material from its anus / mouth
b. grabs the clam with its tube feet / mouth parts and forces open the
clam shell
c. pushes its arms / stomach out of its mouth
d. uses digestive juices from its mouth / ossicles to dissolve the clam’s body
___________________________
© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company
Holt McDougal Biology
Study Guide A
7
Invertebrate Diversity
Section 6: Echinoderms
Name ______________________________ Class ___________________ Date __________________
Study Guide A continued
MAIN IDEA: There are five classes of Echinoderms.
Complete the following chart about each Echinoderm class with use of the
information given below.
Physical description:
Feeding method:
a. covered with tiny projections or
long, sharp spines
b. fleshy animals with a long bilateral
shape
c. have long, spindly arms
d. most are sessile, usually attached
to a surface
e. typically have five arms
f. feed on waste matter or graze on
algae
g. filter feeders
h. filter feeders, opportunistic algae
feeders, or predators
i. grazers and sediment feeders
j. scavengers or predators
Class
Physical
Description
Feeding Method Examples
7. Crinoidea
Feather star, sea lily
8. Asteroidea
Sea star
9. Ophiuriodea
Brittle star,
basket star
10. Echinoidea
Sea urchin, sea
biscuit, sand dollar
11. Holothuroidea
Sea cucumber
Vocabulary Check
Fill in the blank with the word or phrase that best completes the sentence.
12. The term ossicle comes from a Latin word meaning “bone.” This word origin
relates to the definition of an ossicle, which is a tiny interlocking calciumbased plate that makes up an echinoderm’s internal _______________.
© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company
Holt McDougal Biology
Study Guide A
8
Invertebrate Diversity
Section 6: Echinoderms
Name ______________________________ Class ___________________ Date __________________
Study Guide A continued
Be Creative
13. Create an informative brochure for a tide pool. Include information about all
the different kinds of echinoderms a visitor would find there.
© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company
Holt McDougal Biology
Study Guide A
9
Invertebrate Diversity
Section 6: Echinoderms