Download Biology 2 – Study Guide # 2

Biology 2 – Study Guide # 2
Chap 25 – Systematics
What is systematics? What are the systematic tools discussed in class? What is taxonomy? Who developed this system? Know
DKPCOFGS? Know the three types of phylogenetic groupings discussed in class. What is homology? Analogy? What is “ontology
recapitulates phylogeny”? What are the three schools of systematics and how do they differ? What are the three assumptions of
cladistics? Be sure you can do the problems presented on the first handouts.
Chap 30 & 38 – Plant Diversity II: The Evolution of Seed Plants
Know the three variations on gametophyte/sporophyte relationships (alternation of generation). Know the characteristics of
vascular plants. Why are some plants sporophyte dominant? Why retain a gametophyte generation? What is a seed (ovary, ovule,
integument)? What is pollination? Fertilization? Know the different divisions of gymnosperms and their characteristics. Know the life
cycle of a pine tree and the time it takes to produce a seed. Know the structure of a flower (stamen, anther, filament, petal, sepal, carpel,
stigma, style, ovary, ovule, corolla, calyx). Know the life cycle of a flowering plant. What is cross pollination? Double fertilization?
Endosperm?
Chap 35 – Plant Structure
Know the three different tissue systems and their components (ground, vascular, epidermis)? Know the types of cells and tissues
that make up each one (parenchyma, sclerenchyma, sclerids, fibers, collenchyma, xylem, tracheids, vessel elements, phloem, sieve tube
members, companion cells, pith). Know the plant systems (roots, shoots). Know about plant growth (meristems – apical (protoderm,
procambium, ground), lateral (vascular, cork). What is the difference between monocots and dicots? Know the root system. What are
the two types? What are the four regions of a root? What is the similarities and differences between a monocot and dicot root? Know the
different types of modified roots. Know the shoot system and what each part does. What is the difference between primary and
secondary growth? What are the differences between monocot and dicot stems (primary growth) and how do they differ from dicot
secondary growth? What makes up a vascular bundle? Know how vascular cambium produces secondary xylem and phloem. Where are
the oldest rings? The youngest? What is the difference between heartwood and sapwood? What is the difference between spring and
summer wood? What is the difference between bark and wood to a botanist? Know the different types of modified stems. Know the
different leaf structures. (epidermis, guard cells, stomata, palisade mesophyll, spongy mesophyll, cuticle). Know the different modified
leaves.
Chap 36 – Transport in Plants
What is water potential? What two factors contribute to it? Know the following terms (turgid, flaccid, plasmolysis, tonoplast).
Know the five types of cellular transport in plants. What is an aquaporin? What are the three types of tissue level transport? What are
the two pathways for water to move from the root hairs to the xylem elements? How is xylem sap transported up a tree (be able to explain
both pushing and pulling xylem)? What is root pressure? Guttation? Transpiration? Cohesion? Adhesion? Surface tension? Meniscus?
Negative pressure? How do plants control transpiration? What controls the opening and closing of stomata? How do plants reduce
transpiration? How do plants transport phloem sap down a stem? What is a sugar source? Sugar sink? How is phloem loaded into sievetube members? What is chemiosomosis and how does this move sucrose? Be able to explain the movement of sugar from a source to a
sink. What is hydrostatic pressure?
Chap 37 – Plant Nutrition
What are the macro and micronutrients a plant needs? What is soil? What is soil texture? What is humus? Loam? Be able to
explain how a plant gets available water and minerals from the soil (both positively and negatively charged). What are the three steps in
soil conservation toward a sustainable agriculture? What are the numbers on a fertilizer bag? How do plants take in nitrogen? What is a
root nodule? Myhcorrhizae? What is a parasitic plant? What are carnivorous plants? What do they take from their hosts?
Chap 39 – Plant Responses
What are plant hormones? Know the following hormones: auxin, cytokinins, gibberellins, abscisic acid, ethylene,
brassinosteroids. What is polar transport of auxins? What is the acid growth hypothesis? What is a signal-transduction pathway? How
do auxins and cytokinins contol the balanced growth of a plant? How do plants respond to light? What is phototrophism? Gravitropism?
Thigmotropism? What is rapid leaf movement? What are pulvini? What is sleep movement? What are circadian rhythms? What is a
phytochrome? What is photoperiodism? What is the difference between a long-day and a short-day plant? What is critical night length?
What are the different plant responses to environmental stress?
Chapter 50 & 55 – Ecology
What are abiotic and biotic factors? What are the biogeographic realms? What factors affect distribution? What is climate?
How does solar radiation change in different latitudes? What affects global weather patterns? What affects local weather patterns? What
is the rain shadow effect? Know the different aquatic and terrestrial biomes discussed in class. Know the different plant and animal
examples given in class. What are osmoconformers? Osmoregulators? What is the principle of allocation? What are some short term
responses to the environment? What are trophic levels? What is the 10% rule? What nutrients cycle through the planet? What is the
biodiversity crisis? What are the major threats? What is the geographic distribution of biodiversity? What are some hotspots? What is
habitat fragmentation? What are the two population viability analysis? What is landscape management?