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Chapter 11 – Living With Cancer Cancer (Ca) is a chronic/expensive illness Spend ____________ in past 40 years Cancer: A Problem of Cell Regulation * _________ leading cause of adult deaths * Normal function of cells ceases due to genetic restructuring * (____________ – CANCER CAUSING GENES) ONCOGNE FORMATION A. GENE ___________(DURING DIVISION) B. VIRAL INFECTIONS C. CARCINOGENS (SEEK OUT ___________ CELLS) ***ADAPTING HEALTH PROMOTING BEHAVIORS WOULD LOWER RISK LEVEL** THE HUMAN GENOME PROJECT +BY UNDERSTANDING GENE PRODUCTION AND SPECIALIZATION ONE CAN FIND THE _________________TO CANCER + AT PRESENT, ___________ CANCEROUS CHANGES MOST LIKELY THAN PREVENTING IT ALTOGETHER THE CANCEROUS CELL +OFTEN DIFFICULT TO MANAGE DUE TO INFINITE _____________________ +PRODUCES ENZYMES THAT BLOCK CELLULAR BIOLOGICAL _________ +ONCE CELL FUNCTION IS ALTERED THE CELLS ______________ AND SPREAD FROM ORIGIN TO THE REST OF THE BODY BENIGN TUMOURS - NON __________ – ENCLOSED IN A MEMBRANE -DO NOT ________ FROM POINT OF ORIGIN TYPES OF CANCER -NAMED ACCORDING TO WHERE IT ______________ I. CARCINOMA – 85% FOUND IN SKIN, ______________ THROAT, STOMACH, GLANDS, NERVES, URINARY TRACT, LUNGS, KIDNEYS AND LIVER II. _________ – 2% FOUND IN CONNECTIVE TISSUE OF BODY, LIKE BONE, CARTILAGE, TENDONS III. ___________– ARISES FROM MELANINCONTAINING CELLS OF SKIN -FOUND IN PEOPLE WITH EXTENSIVE SUN EXPOSURE AND DEEP PENETRATIANG SUNBURNS IV. NEUROBLASTOMA – IMMATURE CELLS IN __________________ V. _______CARCINOMA – DERIVED FROM CELLS OF ENDOCRINE GLANDS VI. HEPATOMA – FOUND IN ______ CELLS VII. LEUKEMIA – CELLS OF BLOOD AND BLOOD FORMING TISSUES VII. LYMPHOMA – CELLS IN LYMPHATIC TISSUES OR OTHER __________ SYSTEM TISSUES (CHART ON PAGE 353 – LISTS TYPES AND DEATH RATES) CANCER AT SELECTED SITES IN THE BODY LUNG CANCER - ONE OF THE MOST LETHAL AND FREQUENT FORMS OF CANCER MOSTLY _______ – NOT CAUGHT SOON ENOUGH FOR TREATMENT TO BE EFFECTIVE RISK FACTORS: GENETIC PREDISPOSITION ANY TYPE OF _________ (87%) LEADING CAUSE OF DEATH FOR _________ ENVIRONMENT POLLUTION PREVENTION: 1. STOP SMOKING 2. NEVER BEGIN SMOKING 3. CHOICES OF JOB 4. CHANGE OF _________ TREATMENT: 1. FULL RECOVERY __________ 2. CHEMOTHERAPY, RADIATION, SURGERY A. BREAST CANCER - SECOND LEADING CAUSE OF DEATH AMONG ____________ -RISK FOR WOMEN AS THEY AGE - ______ DETECTION IS KEY TO RECOVERY RISK FACTORS:EARLY MENSTRUATION _____ MENOPAUSE NO _________ FIRST CHILD LATER IN LIFE _______ HISTORY HIGH ____ DIET ADIPOSE IN HIP/WAIST EXCESSIVE ALCOHOL _____ CONTRACEPTIVES HRT/ERT **SAME GENES RESPONSIBLE FOR BREAST CANCER ALSO LINKED TO _________ AND __________ CANCER** PREVENTION: - DIET, ALCOHOL USE, LACK OF PHYSICAL ACTIVITY, CONTRACEPTION, PREGNANCY, ETC. -PROPHYLATIC ____________ – REMOVAL OF BOTH BREASTS TO PREVENT CANCER (NOT FREQUENTLY USED) - EMPHASIS ON _____________ AND KNOWING FAMILY HISTORY -REGULAR _______________ EARLY DETECTION – BREAST SELF-EXAM RECOMMENDED FOR WOMEN OVER _____YEARS OF AGE – PERFORMED DURING ________ OR DURING THE DAY IMMEDIATELY FOLLOWING PERIOD -IMPORTANT TO DO _________ (DIAGRAM ON PAGE 358) EARLY DETECTION – MAMMOGRAPHY - PHYSICIANS – BEST TOOL FOR EARLY DETECTION -STARTING POINT AT AGE ______ - SOME PHYSICIANS SAY START AT 35 - PROBLEM WITH _______ POSITIVES - MEASURES BEING TAKEN TO FIND ALTERNATIVES LIKE _________ TREATMENT - __________ USED TO DETERMINE IF TUMOUR IS CANCEROUS IF LUMP IS CANCEROUS AND IS LOCALIZED, TREATMENT IS HIGHLY EFFECTIVE – CURE RATES __________ -COMMON PROCEDURE IS A ______________ OR REMOVAL OF PART OF BREAST -MORE RADICAL TREATMENTS NECESSARY IF CANCER HAS SPREAD -DRUGS ALSO USED LIKE a. ESTROGEN BLOCKERS (_________) OR ________ LIKE AGENTS (HEVCEPTIN) CERVICAL CANCER - IN 2002, 13,000 NEW CASES - INCIDENCE DOWN WITH USE OF _____ TEST (LOOK FOR MALIGNANCY) RISK FACTORS: A. EARLY AGE OF FIRST ___________ B. LARGE NUMBERS OF __________ C. HISTORY OF ____________ D. HISTORY OF _____ E. __________AND SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS PREVENTION: - MOST EFFECTIVE – SEXUAL __________ - FEWER PARTNERS - USE OF _________ AND SPERMICIDES - REGULAR PAP TESTS I. PAPER II. _________ III. PAPNET - ABNORMAL __________BLEEDING AND SPOTTING ARE “ALARMS” TREATMENT 1. _________THERAPY 2. ELECTRO____________ 3. SUGERY – REMOVE _________ TISSUE 4. MOST EFFECTIVE – _________________ UTERINE CANCER IN 2002 – 40,000 CASES RISK FACTORS: 1. HIGH __________LEVEL 2. EARLY ____________ 3. LATE ______________ 4. LACK OF ___________ 5. NEVER GIVEN ________ 6. ___________ 7. USE OF ______________ 8. DIABETIC, __________, HTN PREVENTION: 1. _________ EXAMS 2. PREVENTION -ABSTINENCE 3. USE OF _______ CONTRACEPTIVES 4. EARLY DETECTION FROM ABNORMAL BLEEDING….TAKE ________ TREATMENT: 1. SURGICAL REMOVAL OF _________ 2. RADIATION/CHEMO 3. ____________ THERAPY VAGINAL CANCER - MAIN RISK – DAUGHTERS OF MOTHERS WHO WERE GIVEN ________________ DRUGS - DETECT WITH ______________ - TREATMENT INCLUDES REMOVAL OF ___________ OVARIAN CANCER 2002 - 24,00 NEW CASES – 15,000 DEATHS - MOST CASES IN WOMEN WHO WERE ____________, OVER 40 AND BEGAN MENSTRUATION EARLY. -HIGHEST RATE IS WOMEN OVER ___YRS - HIGHEST _______ RATE OF FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE CANCERS - ____OF ALL CASES STEM FROM GENETIC MUTATION PREVENTION: ORAL ________________ GIVING BIRTH BREAST ____________ REDUCE ___________CONSUMPTION INCREASE ___________ ______________ FAT INTAKE STRONG FAMILY ___________ PROPHYLACTIC OOPHORECTOMY (BOTH ____________ REMOVED) EARLY DETECTION: - “_______ CANCER” – ONLY SYMPTOMS SUCH AS DIGESTIVE DISORDERS, GAS, STOMACH DISTENTION - PELVIC EXAMS VERY _____ - GENETIC SCREENING IF THERE IS A STRONG FAMILY HISTORY TREATMENT - SURGICAL REMOVAL OF OVARY -FOLLOWED BY ______________CHEMO USE OF DRUG COMBINATIONS SUCH AS CYCLOPHOSPHAMIDE, PACLITAXEL, ____________ PROSTATE CANCER: IN 2002, 180,000 NEW CASES 2ND LEADING CAUSE OF DEATH AMONG ____ RISK FACTORS: 1. ______ 2. ______ INTAKE 3. EXCESSIVE RED MEAT INTAKE 4. GENETIC _________ ALSO RISK FACTOR PREVENTION: - DECREASE DIETARY FAT - INCREASE VITAMIN _______ UPTAKE -EARLY DETECTION AT AGE 40 WITH DIGITAL _______ EXAM, ___ AND ______________RECTAL EXAM TREATMENT: 1. TREATED WITH _________ 2. ____________ RADIATION 3. RADIOACTIVE __________ TESTICULAR CANCER -ONE OF THE ______ COMMON FORMS OF CANCER - ANNUALLY ABOUT _________DIAGNOSIS FOUR FORMS: a. SEMINOMA (HIGHLY CURABLE) b. TERATOMA c. Carcinoma d. Choriocarcinoma RISK FACTORS: - FAMILY HISTORY - ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS - ________ MALES UNDESCENDING TESTICLE DURING CHILDHOOD -MORE OFTEN SEEN IN ______COLLAR WORKERS PREVENTION: REGULAR ____________ ON PAGE 365 EARLY DETECTION – FATIGUE AND ____________ DISCOMFORT _____________ OF TESTICLE ________ ON THE SIDE OF A TESTICLE HEAVINESS IN ___________ TREATMENT SURGERY, RADIATION/CHEMO, __________SURVIVAL RATE COLORECTAL CANCER + DEATH RATE NEAR THAT OF ________ + TWO TYPES OF TUMORS A. CARCINOMA B. LYMPHOMA + HIGH _________ RATE IF DIAGNOSED IN A LOCALIZED STATE RISK FACTORS - __________SUSCEPTIBILITY - DIETARY PATTERNS - HIGH IN __________ FATS - LOW IN FRUITS AND VEGIES - ASSOC. WITH SMOKING PREVENTION: - REMOVAL OF INTESTINAL _______ - DEVELOPMENT _____ THROUGH REGULAR EXERCISE - CALCIUM INTAKE (________) - ORAL CONTRACEPTIVE USE EARLY DETECTION - RECTAL _________ - BLOOD IN ____________ - CHANGE IN BOWEL HABITS - FAMILY HISTORY (POLYPS, ____) - _________OSCOPY - SIGMOIDOSCOPY TREATMENT - ANY MALIGNANCIES WILL BE REMOVED _____________ - RADIAITION/CHEMO ADDED - CHEMO FOR SPREADING CA PANCREATIC CANCER + ONE OF THE MORE _________ FORMS + ANNUALLY BOUT 30,000 DEATHS RISK FACTORS: + INCREASING AGE, MALE, BLACK + SMOKER, ____________, HIGH FAT INTAKE + PANCREATIC INFLAMMED (_________) PREVENTION: - NO SMOKING, ALCOHOL - REDUCE DIABETIC RISK (_________, OBESTITY) - _________MEDICAL EXAMS EARLY DETECTION: + ULTRASOUNDS + CAT SCANS + BIOPSY IF SYMPTOMS PRESENT TREATMENT: + SURGERY, CHEMO, RADIATION + SERVES MORE TO __________ PROLONG LIFE LYMPHATIC CANCER + ANNUALLY 60,000 NEW CASES RISK FACTORS: + REDUCTION IN ________RESPONSE + EXPOSURE TO _______ ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMICALS + VIRAL INFECTIONS + LEUKEMIA/LYMPHOMA VIRUS PREVENTION: + EARLY DETECTION +LIMITING EXPOSURE TO CHEMICALS EARLY DETECTION: + LARGE LYMPH ________ + FEVER, __________, WEIGHT LOSS + __________ TREATMENT + RADIATION AND CHEMO + ______________ ANTIBODIES + BONE MARROW – _______ CELLS DEPENDS ON STAGE/TYPE OF LYMPHOMA SKIN CANCER + ANNUALLY ABOUT 1.5 MILLION DIAGNOSED RISK FACTORS: + SEVERE ____________ + ___________ SUN EXPOSURE PREVENTION: + USE OF ___________ (?) + LIMIT EXPOSURE TO SUN EARLY DETECTION: + GRADUAL CHANGE IN ______ APPEARANCE AMERICAN CANCER SOCIETY: A – _____________________ B – _____________________ C – _____________________ D – _____________________ E – ______________________ TREATMENT: + SURGICAL REMOVAL + LASER VAPORIZATION + ____________________ +_______________ FOR MALIGNANCY THE FUTURE OF CA PREVENTION, DX, TX - OVERALL DX IS UP - DEATH RATE DOWN - DEPENDS ON ___________________OF ID, DX - RECOVERY BEST IF DISCOVERED EARLY - _________________VERY ESSENTIAL SEVEN WARNING SIGNS: 1. ________________________________ 2. ________________________________ 3. ________________________________ 4. ________________________________ 5. ________________________________ 6. ________________________________ 7. ________________________________ TREATMENT: A. TRADITIONAL – _____________________ B. IMMUNOTHERAPY- HERBS, VITAMINS, MINERALS TO _________ IMMUNE SYSTEM TO FIGHT BACK C. COMPLIMENTARY CA THERAPIES I.________________MANIPULATION II. A______________/ACUPRESSURE III. ___FEEDBACK IV. _____________________ V. VISUALIZATION PREVENTION THROUGH RISK REDUCTION: + KNOW YOUR ___________ HISTORY + SELECT/MONITOR YOUR ____________ + NO _______________ PRODUCTS + MONITOR __________ ENVIRONMENT + SOUND ___________ + CONTROL BODY ___________ + REGULAR _____________ + LIMIT ____________ EXPOSURE + ALCOHOL IN _______________