Download Chapter 11 – Living With Cancer

Chapter 11 – Living With Cancer
Cancer (Ca) is a chronic/expensive illness
Spend ____________ in past 40 years
Cancer: A Problem of Cell Regulation
* _________ leading cause of adult deaths
* Normal function of cells ceases due to genetic
restructuring
* (____________ – CANCER CAUSING GENES)
ONCOGNE FORMATION
A. GENE ___________(DURING DIVISION)
B. VIRAL INFECTIONS
C. CARCINOGENS (SEEK OUT ___________
CELLS)
***ADAPTING HEALTH PROMOTING
BEHAVIORS WOULD LOWER RISK LEVEL**
THE HUMAN GENOME PROJECT
+BY UNDERSTANDING GENE PRODUCTION
AND SPECIALIZATION ONE CAN FIND THE
_________________TO CANCER
+ AT PRESENT, ___________ CANCEROUS
CHANGES MOST LIKELY THAN
PREVENTING IT ALTOGETHER
THE CANCEROUS CELL
+OFTEN DIFFICULT TO MANAGE DUE TO
INFINITE _____________________
+PRODUCES ENZYMES THAT BLOCK
CELLULAR BIOLOGICAL _________
+ONCE CELL FUNCTION IS ALTERED THE
CELLS ______________ AND SPREAD FROM
ORIGIN TO THE REST OF THE BODY
BENIGN TUMOURS
- NON __________ – ENCLOSED IN A
MEMBRANE
-DO NOT ________ FROM POINT OF ORIGIN
TYPES OF CANCER
-NAMED ACCORDING TO WHERE IT
______________
I. CARCINOMA – 85% FOUND IN SKIN,
______________ THROAT, STOMACH,
GLANDS, NERVES, URINARY TRACT,
LUNGS, KIDNEYS AND LIVER
II. _________ – 2% FOUND IN CONNECTIVE
TISSUE OF BODY, LIKE BONE, CARTILAGE,
TENDONS
III. ___________– ARISES FROM MELANINCONTAINING CELLS OF SKIN
-FOUND IN PEOPLE WITH EXTENSIVE SUN
EXPOSURE AND DEEP PENETRATIANG
SUNBURNS
IV. NEUROBLASTOMA – IMMATURE CELLS
IN __________________
V. _______CARCINOMA – DERIVED FROM
CELLS OF ENDOCRINE GLANDS
VI. HEPATOMA – FOUND IN ______ CELLS
VII. LEUKEMIA – CELLS OF BLOOD AND
BLOOD FORMING TISSUES
VII. LYMPHOMA – CELLS IN LYMPHATIC
TISSUES OR OTHER __________ SYSTEM
TISSUES
(CHART ON PAGE 353 – LISTS TYPES AND
DEATH RATES)
CANCER AT SELECTED SITES IN THE BODY
LUNG CANCER
- ONE OF THE MOST LETHAL AND
FREQUENT FORMS OF CANCER
MOSTLY _______ – NOT CAUGHT SOON
ENOUGH FOR TREATMENT TO BE
EFFECTIVE
RISK FACTORS: GENETIC PREDISPOSITION
ANY TYPE OF _________ (87%)
LEADING CAUSE OF DEATH
FOR _________
ENVIRONMENT POLLUTION
PREVENTION:
1. STOP SMOKING
2. NEVER BEGIN SMOKING
3. CHOICES OF JOB
4. CHANGE OF _________
TREATMENT:
1. FULL RECOVERY __________
2. CHEMOTHERAPY, RADIATION,
SURGERY
A. BREAST CANCER
- SECOND LEADING CAUSE OF DEATH
AMONG ____________
-RISK FOR WOMEN AS THEY AGE
- ______ DETECTION IS KEY TO RECOVERY
RISK FACTORS:EARLY MENSTRUATION
_____ MENOPAUSE
NO _________
FIRST CHILD LATER IN LIFE
_______ HISTORY
HIGH ____ DIET
ADIPOSE IN HIP/WAIST
EXCESSIVE ALCOHOL
_____ CONTRACEPTIVES
HRT/ERT
**SAME GENES RESPONSIBLE FOR BREAST
CANCER ALSO LINKED TO _________ AND
__________ CANCER**
PREVENTION:
- DIET, ALCOHOL USE, LACK OF PHYSICAL
ACTIVITY, CONTRACEPTION, PREGNANCY,
ETC.
-PROPHYLATIC ____________ – REMOVAL
OF BOTH BREASTS TO PREVENT CANCER
(NOT FREQUENTLY USED)
- EMPHASIS ON _____________ AND
KNOWING FAMILY HISTORY
-REGULAR _______________
EARLY DETECTION – BREAST SELF-EXAM
RECOMMENDED FOR WOMEN OVER
_____YEARS OF AGE – PERFORMED
DURING ________ OR DURING THE DAY
IMMEDIATELY FOLLOWING PERIOD
-IMPORTANT TO DO _________
(DIAGRAM ON PAGE 358)
EARLY DETECTION – MAMMOGRAPHY
- PHYSICIANS – BEST TOOL FOR EARLY
DETECTION
-STARTING POINT AT AGE ______
- SOME PHYSICIANS SAY START AT 35
- PROBLEM WITH _______ POSITIVES
- MEASURES BEING TAKEN TO FIND
ALTERNATIVES LIKE _________
TREATMENT
- __________ USED TO DETERMINE IF
TUMOUR IS CANCEROUS
IF LUMP IS CANCEROUS AND IS
LOCALIZED, TREATMENT IS HIGHLY
EFFECTIVE – CURE RATES __________
-COMMON PROCEDURE IS A ______________
OR REMOVAL OF PART OF BREAST
-MORE RADICAL TREATMENTS
NECESSARY IF CANCER HAS SPREAD
-DRUGS ALSO USED LIKE a. ESTROGEN
BLOCKERS (_________) OR ________ LIKE
AGENTS (HEVCEPTIN)
CERVICAL CANCER
- IN 2002, 13,000 NEW CASES
- INCIDENCE DOWN WITH USE OF _____
TEST (LOOK FOR MALIGNANCY)
RISK FACTORS:
A. EARLY AGE OF FIRST ___________
B. LARGE NUMBERS OF __________
C. HISTORY OF ____________
D. HISTORY OF _____
E. __________AND SOCIOECONOMIC
FACTORS
PREVENTION:
- MOST EFFECTIVE – SEXUAL __________
- FEWER PARTNERS
- USE OF _________ AND SPERMICIDES
- REGULAR PAP TESTS
I. PAPER II. _________ III. PAPNET
- ABNORMAL __________BLEEDING AND
SPOTTING ARE “ALARMS”
TREATMENT
1. _________THERAPY
2. ELECTRO____________
3. SUGERY – REMOVE _________ TISSUE
4. MOST EFFECTIVE – _________________
UTERINE CANCER
IN 2002 – 40,000 CASES
RISK FACTORS:
1. HIGH __________LEVEL
2. EARLY ____________
3. LATE ______________
4. LACK OF ___________
5. NEVER GIVEN ________
6. ___________
7. USE OF ______________
8. DIABETIC, __________, HTN
PREVENTION:
1. _________ EXAMS
2. PREVENTION -ABSTINENCE
3. USE OF _______ CONTRACEPTIVES
4. EARLY DETECTION FROM ABNORMAL
BLEEDING….TAKE ________
TREATMENT:
1. SURGICAL REMOVAL OF _________
2. RADIATION/CHEMO
3. ____________ THERAPY
VAGINAL CANCER
- MAIN RISK – DAUGHTERS OF MOTHERS
WHO WERE GIVEN ________________
DRUGS
- DETECT WITH ______________
- TREATMENT INCLUDES REMOVAL OF
___________
OVARIAN CANCER
2002 - 24,00 NEW CASES – 15,000 DEATHS
- MOST CASES IN WOMEN WHO WERE
____________, OVER 40 AND BEGAN
MENSTRUATION EARLY.
-HIGHEST RATE IS WOMEN OVER ___YRS
- HIGHEST _______ RATE OF FEMALE
REPRODUCTIVE CANCERS
- ____OF ALL CASES STEM FROM GENETIC
MUTATION
PREVENTION:
ORAL ________________
GIVING BIRTH
BREAST ____________
REDUCE ___________CONSUMPTION
INCREASE ___________
______________ FAT INTAKE
STRONG FAMILY ___________
PROPHYLACTIC OOPHORECTOMY
(BOTH ____________ REMOVED)
EARLY DETECTION:
- “_______ CANCER” – ONLY SYMPTOMS
SUCH AS DIGESTIVE DISORDERS, GAS,
STOMACH DISTENTION
- PELVIC EXAMS VERY _____
- GENETIC SCREENING IF THERE IS A
STRONG FAMILY HISTORY
TREATMENT
- SURGICAL REMOVAL OF OVARY
-FOLLOWED BY ______________CHEMO
USE OF DRUG COMBINATIONS SUCH AS
CYCLOPHOSPHAMIDE, PACLITAXEL,
____________
PROSTATE CANCER:
IN 2002, 180,000 NEW CASES
2ND LEADING CAUSE OF DEATH AMONG
____
RISK FACTORS:
1. ______
2. ______ INTAKE
3. EXCESSIVE RED MEAT INTAKE
4. GENETIC _________ ALSO RISK FACTOR
PREVENTION:
- DECREASE DIETARY FAT
- INCREASE VITAMIN _______ UPTAKE
-EARLY DETECTION AT AGE 40 WITH
DIGITAL _______ EXAM, ___ AND
______________RECTAL EXAM
TREATMENT:
1. TREATED WITH _________
2. ____________ RADIATION
3. RADIOACTIVE __________
TESTICULAR CANCER
-ONE OF THE ______ COMMON FORMS OF
CANCER
- ANNUALLY ABOUT _________DIAGNOSIS
FOUR FORMS:
a. SEMINOMA (HIGHLY CURABLE)
b. TERATOMA
c. Carcinoma
d. Choriocarcinoma
RISK FACTORS:
- FAMILY HISTORY
- ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS
- ________ MALES UNDESCENDING TESTICLE
DURING CHILDHOOD
-MORE OFTEN SEEN IN ______COLLAR
WORKERS
PREVENTION:
REGULAR ____________ ON PAGE 365
EARLY DETECTION – FATIGUE AND
____________ DISCOMFORT
_____________ OF TESTICLE
________ ON THE SIDE OF A TESTICLE
HEAVINESS IN ___________
TREATMENT
SURGERY, RADIATION/CHEMO,
__________SURVIVAL RATE
COLORECTAL CANCER
+ DEATH RATE NEAR THAT OF ________
+ TWO TYPES OF TUMORS
A. CARCINOMA
B. LYMPHOMA
+ HIGH _________ RATE IF DIAGNOSED IN A
LOCALIZED STATE
RISK FACTORS
- __________SUSCEPTIBILITY
- DIETARY PATTERNS
- HIGH IN __________ FATS
- LOW IN FRUITS AND VEGIES
- ASSOC. WITH SMOKING
PREVENTION:
- REMOVAL OF INTESTINAL _______
- DEVELOPMENT _____ THROUGH
REGULAR EXERCISE
- CALCIUM INTAKE (________)
- ORAL CONTRACEPTIVE USE
EARLY DETECTION
- RECTAL _________
- BLOOD IN ____________
- CHANGE IN BOWEL HABITS
- FAMILY HISTORY (POLYPS, ____)
- _________OSCOPY
- SIGMOIDOSCOPY
TREATMENT
- ANY MALIGNANCIES WILL BE REMOVED
_____________
- RADIAITION/CHEMO ADDED
- CHEMO FOR SPREADING CA
PANCREATIC CANCER
+ ONE OF THE MORE _________ FORMS
+ ANNUALLY BOUT 30,000 DEATHS
RISK FACTORS:
+ INCREASING AGE, MALE, BLACK
+ SMOKER, ____________, HIGH FAT INTAKE
+ PANCREATIC INFLAMMED (_________)
PREVENTION:
- NO SMOKING, ALCOHOL
- REDUCE DIABETIC RISK (_________,
OBESTITY)
- _________MEDICAL EXAMS
EARLY DETECTION:
+ ULTRASOUNDS
+ CAT SCANS
+ BIOPSY IF SYMPTOMS PRESENT
TREATMENT:
+ SURGERY, CHEMO, RADIATION
+ SERVES MORE TO __________ PROLONG
LIFE
LYMPHATIC CANCER
+ ANNUALLY 60,000 NEW CASES
RISK FACTORS:
+ REDUCTION IN ________RESPONSE
+ EXPOSURE TO _______ ENVIRONMENTAL
CHEMICALS
+ VIRAL INFECTIONS
+ LEUKEMIA/LYMPHOMA VIRUS
PREVENTION:
+ EARLY DETECTION
+LIMITING EXPOSURE TO CHEMICALS
EARLY DETECTION:
+ LARGE LYMPH ________
+ FEVER, __________, WEIGHT LOSS
+ __________
TREATMENT
+ RADIATION AND CHEMO
+ ______________ ANTIBODIES
+ BONE MARROW – _______ CELLS
DEPENDS ON STAGE/TYPE OF LYMPHOMA
SKIN CANCER
+ ANNUALLY ABOUT 1.5 MILLION
DIAGNOSED
RISK FACTORS:
+ SEVERE ____________
+ ___________ SUN EXPOSURE
PREVENTION:
+ USE OF ___________ (?)
+ LIMIT EXPOSURE TO SUN
EARLY DETECTION:
+ GRADUAL CHANGE IN ______
APPEARANCE
AMERICAN CANCER SOCIETY:
A – _____________________
B – _____________________
C – _____________________
D – _____________________
E – ______________________
TREATMENT:
+ SURGICAL REMOVAL
+ LASER VAPORIZATION
+ ____________________
+_______________ FOR MALIGNANCY
THE FUTURE OF CA PREVENTION, DX, TX
- OVERALL DX IS UP - DEATH RATE DOWN
- DEPENDS ON ___________________OF ID, DX
- RECOVERY BEST IF DISCOVERED EARLY
- _________________VERY ESSENTIAL
SEVEN WARNING SIGNS:
1. ________________________________
2. ________________________________
3. ________________________________
4. ________________________________
5. ________________________________
6. ________________________________
7. ________________________________
TREATMENT:
A. TRADITIONAL – _____________________
B. IMMUNOTHERAPY- HERBS, VITAMINS,
MINERALS TO _________ IMMUNE SYSTEM
TO FIGHT BACK
C. COMPLIMENTARY CA THERAPIES
I.________________MANIPULATION
II. A______________/ACUPRESSURE
III. ___FEEDBACK
IV. _____________________
V. VISUALIZATION
PREVENTION THROUGH RISK REDUCTION:
+ KNOW YOUR ___________ HISTORY
+ SELECT/MONITOR YOUR ____________
+ NO _______________ PRODUCTS
+ MONITOR __________ ENVIRONMENT
+ SOUND ___________
+ CONTROL BODY ___________
+ REGULAR _____________
+ LIMIT ____________ EXPOSURE
+ ALCOHOL IN _______________