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Transcript
Bennett vs. Hallie • “The Conscience of Huckleberry Finn” – Conscience: The rational faculty by which human beings make moral judgments about specific situations, actions, and persons. – Well and Badly Formed Consciences • Individual consciences can be well or badly formed, i. e. they can lead one to objective moral truth or objective moral falsity; thus, they are not infallible. • Everyone has a moral obligation to form his conscience well. • A person who acts in an objectively immoral way may, nevertheless, be acting in accord with his conscience. • If so, then the objectively immorally acting person’s conscience has been badly formed. • A badly formed conscience can, thus, bind as strongly as a well formed conscience. • Question: Should a badly formed conscience bind just as much as a well formed conscience? – Sympathy • Bennett would answer the above question in the negative. • Bennett suggests sympathy should be developed as a safeguard against a badly formed conscience. • Sympathy for Bennett covers “every sort of fellow-feeling,” as when one is saddened by another’s loneliness, troubled by someone’s pain, or when one avoids hurting another • Bennett says that feelings of sympathy must not be confused with moral judgments. The two are different. • I may help someone who needs help out of sympathy for that person, but sympathy is a feeling it is not a judgment of the intellect about what one ought to do. – Sympathy and Conscience • Both sympathy and conscience can make a person act, and it is possible for sympathy and conscience to conflict and pull a person in different directions. • Our sympathy for a person might even make us do what our consciences tell us is objectively wrong. • The conflict between sympathy and conscience can occur in cases of a badly formed consciences just as much as in cases of well formed consciences. – Sympathy and a Badly Formed Conscience • Bennett claims that Huck Finn has a badly formed conscience because he accepts what he has been taught about slavery. To wit: It is morally permissible. • Bennett claims Huck acts contrary to his badly formed conscience because of his sympathy for Jim. • Bennett claims that Huck is morally correct to act thus. • Bennett claims the badly formed conscience of Heinrich Himmler conflicted with what Bennett takes to be Himmler’s genuine sympathy for the human beings the Nazis exterminated. • In Himmler’s case, however, the badly formed conscience won out over his sympathy. • Bennett claims that in letting his badly formed conscience win, Himmler acted immorally. – The Case of Jonathan Edwards • Bennett claims that, not only is Edwards’ conscience badly formed, because he seems to subscribe to a hyper-Calvinist view of the Atonement, Edwards also seems completely to lack sympathy because he does not “find it painful to contemplate any fellow-human’s being tortured forever.” • In other words, Bennett thinks Edwards completely lacks sympathy because he has no “fellow feeling” for those whom God arbitrarily “lets fall to ceaseless flames,” i. e. arbitrarily damns. • Thus, in Bennett’s view, Edwards is worse than Himmler because at least the latter had sympathy for his victims so that there was a chance sympathy might have saved him (and his victims) from his badly formed conscience. – The Need for both Conscience and Sympathy • For Bennett a well formed conscience helps a person avoid doing the wrong thing when one happens to have little or no sympathy at that time. • Thus, a well formed conscience helps a person do the right thing when sympathy is lacking, due to such things as self-centeredness, depression, and anger. • Sympathy can correct a badly formed conscience. • If the dictates of conscience are in conflict with sympathy, that can be a strong indication the conscience is badly formed. • Wilfrid Owen is Bennett’s example of this. • Part of improving our moral code is to subject it to the test of sympathy. • This doesn’t mean that sympathy should always win out when it conflicts with conscience. • Bennett says, however, “one’s sympathies should be kept as sharp and sensitive and aware as possible . . .” because sympathy and human feelings in general are vital to our humanity. • Perhaps people without sympathy are less human than those who have sympathy. • Perhaps, in addition to our capacity for language and abstract thought, what most defines us as humans is our great capacity for experiencing a variety of feelings, including sympathy. • “The Evil Men Think – and Do” – Philip Hallie criticizes Bennett for a view of morality which is too simple and too heavily dependent on sympathy to the exclusion of other things, like the effects of actions on victims. – Hallie criticizes Bennett for placing morality in the mind alone rather than considering the morality of the effects of actions in the world. – According to Bennett, because Himmler had a sympathetic mind, even though he did terrible things, he is more moral than Edwards because Edwards lacked sympathy. – Edwards may have been without compassion, and Himmler may have had some compassion, but Himmler was actually responsible for the deaths, torture, and suffering of millions of innocent people. – The presence or absence of sympathy in the mind is less important than the evil which people actually do. – Hallie points out that evil is not confined to the mind; evil actions which directly affect people are worse than evil thoughts towards them. – Evil doing is worse than evil thinking. – In considering Adolf Eichmann, another Nazi butcher, Hallie says that Eichmann’s evil was not only in his mind but in his actions. – Hallie says that, if Eichmann had only thought of the evil things which he wished to do to innocent Jews, he would have been “pitiable, not culpable.” – Because he actually did these things “his evil lay in his deeds” in everything he actually did to real people. – We have to pay attention not just to the presence or absence of sympathy in a person but to what that person actually does. – Someone who makes people suffer is worse than the person who makes no one suffer but has no sympathy. – Hallie: “There is no substitute for seeing the harshness and ugliness of fact.” – Hallie provides an excerpt from the Nuremberg trial transcript of Otto Ohlendorf, who had participated in the extermination of Jews and Soviet political leaders, to show that Ohlendorf was a moral monster. – Ohlendorf claims that he had “scruples” about carrying out his orders to kill people but that it was inconceivable to him that he should not follow orders given by a superior. – A person such as Ohlendorf, who actually does hideous things to real people, is much more monstrous than anyone who has a badly formed conscience, lacks sympathy for the suffering of others, but who never is actually responsible for the suffering of others.