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Cold War Review 2 In 1949 two events increased American fears of communist domination of most of the world. First, ___________, the world’s most populous nation, became communist. Second, the _________ __________ exploded an atomic bomb. Many Americans feared that communist spies held important positions in the federal government, because of the trials of ________ ________ and ________ and _________ _____________. Alger Hiss was a federal government official who was accused of passing (giving) secret documents to the ___________ in the late 1930s. Although Hiss claimed he was innocent, he was convicted of ___________ and sent to prison. Many Americans believed Hiss was guilty of ___________. The American government also learned that a spy ring had passed _________ secrets to the Soviets. This knowledge led to the arrest of __________ and ___________ ________________. The Rosenbergs were Americans who had worked on the United States’ ___________ project. They were arrested for passing atomic secrets to the ____________, convicted of _____________ or spying, and _____________. American fears of communism advanced the political career of Senator ___________ ____________. Senator McCarthy played on American fears of communism by accusing many American officials of being ____________. McCarthy’s charges came to a climax during the _______-____________ hearings in 1954. These hearings were televised investigations of alleged communist influence in the United States __________. ___________ was a term that came to mean unfairly accusing others of disloyalty and subversion or threatening to overthrow the government. In 1950 the ___________ War became a major test for America’s containment policy. The Korean War started when communist ________ Korea invaded noncommunist __________ Korea. After American forces counterattacked and drove deep into North Korea, ____________ _________ entered the Korean War. __________ ______________ won the 1952 presidential election after promising to go to Korea if he became president. The Korean War ended in a ___________ in 1953. Korea remained a divided country, but ________ _________ was still free. Since the United States had prevented __________ ________ from falling under communist control, the United States’ confidence in the ______________ policy increased. As part of the containment policy, President Eishenhower adopted the policy of ___________ _____________. Massive retaliation was the ______________ administration’s threat of swift, all-out military actions against a nation committing aggression against or attacking an American ally. Because this policy flirted with nuclear war, later presidents backed away from ____________ _____________. However, throughout the Cold War, American presidents consistently refused to promise not to make a first strike ___________ attack against the Soviet Union. In 1959 _________ __________ led a communist revolution that took over Cuba. Many anti-communist Cubans fled to safety in ___________. Because President Eisenhower was very worried about the existence of communism in Cuba, he encouraged the ____________ ______________ __________ (CIA) to develop a secret plan to overthrow Castro. The CIA is the federal agency that coordinates the ______ activities of the United States government. The CIA planned the _______ of _______ invasion of Cuba. The CIA trained _____-____________ Cubans and landed them on the Cuban coast in an attempt to lead the Cuban people in a revolt against _________. Then in January, 1961 ________ __ ___________ became president. Kennedy went ahead with plans for the Bay of Pigs invasion, but it was a complete __________. The popular uprising against __________ never happened, and ________’s army captured or killed most of the American-supported invaders. In 1962 the ________ __________ placed nuclear missiles in Cuba. President __________ learned that the Soviet Union had taken this action from American spy-plane _____________. To stop the Soviet action President Kennedy ordered a _________ ____________ of Cuba and threatened to take further steps if the Soviets failed to remove their missiles. This event, which became known as the __________ _________ Crisis, threatened the world with ___________ war. __________ _____________ was the leader of the Soviet Union during the Cuban Missile Crisis. He and President ____________ worked out a deal which ended this crisis. Under the terms of their agreement the Soviets agreed to withdraw their missiles from _________, and in exchange the United States agreed to remove its oudated missiles from ____________. Despite the peaceful conclusion to the Cuban Missile Crisis, the threat of _________ war was always present during the Cold War. Americans tried to prepare for a possible nuclear attack by conducting _________ drills to train children in case of nuclear attack and by building __________ shelters in the basements of their homes.