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U.S. History
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Goal 9.01-9.05
GOAL 9 Study Guide – TWENTIES & THIRTIES
Identifications: Identify each term. Honors will answer 5, Academic will answer 3 of the following.
Frances Perkins: was appointed as Secretary of Labor, was the first woman to head an executive department.
She helped write minimum wage laws and was a key figure in winning the passage of the Social Security Act
in 1935.
The Lost Generation: American writers who came to age in the time during and after the First World War.
They felt lost in a society of greed and moral corruption.
Rugged Individualism: With the Great Depression came a new era in how US citizens viewed government.
Up until the late 1920s, most people saw the United States as a society dependant on rugged individualism.
It was the role of the individual to take care of him/herself and his/her family. It was believed that with hard
work and devotion, anyone could make it in the United States.
Langston Hughes: a Harlem Renaissance writer who became a leading voice of the African American
experience in America. He wrote memorable poetry and short stories about the black experience and
reminded black Americans of their African heritage.
Expanded role of the government in the 1930’s: There was a significant shift in power when the President
was given more power than the legislative branch because of all the bills passed in a short amount of time.
The federal government controlled the New Deal programs to stimulate the economy and provide jobs.
Supreme Court decisions made some actions by the President unconstitutional since the President was
exerting too much power over the other branches of government.
Teapot Dome scandal: the most famous scandal which began in 1922 when Harding’s secretary of the
interior, Albert B. Fall, secretly allowed private interests to lease lands containing U.S. Navy oil reserves at
Teapot Dome, Wyoming, and Elk Hills, California. In return, Fall received bribes from these private
interests totaling more than $300,000. After the Wall Street Journal broke the story, the Senate launched an
investigation that took most of the 1920s to complete. Trials followed; the Supreme Court invalidated the
leases in 1927, and in 1929 Secretary Fall became the first cabinet officer in American history to go to
prison.
Fireside Chats: As president, used radio to great effect, particularly in his fireside chats. These addresses
were meant to sound as though Roosevelt were in the listener’s living room, speaking personally with the
family. He spoke calmly and clearly and in a way that ordinary people could understand. He conveyed real
concern and gave reassurance to millions of troubled Americans
Okies: migrants who abandoned their Mid-West farms going to California during the Dust Bowl
Bonus Army: a group of WWI veterans who came from all over the country to march and protest in
Washington, DC trying to get their payment earlier than 1945. Hoover responded by sending the Army to
break up the protesters, which did not make them stop. How Hoover handled the Bonus Army damaged his
reputation further.
Scopes Trial: In 1925 Tennessee outlawed any teaching that denied “the story of the Divine Creation of man
as taught in the Bible,” or taught that “man descended from a lower order of animals.” The American Civil
Liberties Union (ACLU) advertised for a teacher willing to be arrested for teaching evolution. John T.
Scopes, a biology teacher in Dayton, Tennessee, volunteered. He taught evolution and was arrested. The
trial took place in the summer of 1925 where Scopes was found guilty and had to pay a $100 fine. The
decision was later overturned on a technicality.
U.S. History
Goal 9.01-9.05
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100 Days: Refers to the first 100 days of FDR’s presidency, when he sent several bills to Congress between
March 9 and June 16 – Congress passed 15 major acts to resolve the economic crisis, setting a pace for new
legislation that has never been reached
TVA: stands for the Tennessee Valley Authority, which was created in May 1933. It dealt with developing
the resources of the entire Tennessee River Valley, a large region in the Southeast United States. The TVA
built dams and other projects along the Tennessee River and its tributaries
Brain Trust: group of advisers to FDR who would come in “bursting” with ideas on how to fix the problems
of the depression – they often did not have a clear agenda at their meetings.
Trickle-down economics: Also known as supply-side economics. An economic theory that lower taxes will
boost the economy as businesses and individuals invest their money, thereby creating higher tax revenue.
Critics of the New Deal (Coughlin, Long, Townsend): - Huey P. Long, Senator of Louisiana who believed
Roosevelt’s policies were too friendly to banks and businesses
- Father Charles Coughlin, a Catholic priest, had weekly radio broadcasts where his program featured
religious messages and political commentary and was critical of the nation’s bankers and financial
leaders
- Dr. Francis Townsend criticized the New Deal for not doing enough for older Americans. Proposed
plan for providing pensions to people over the age of 60.
U.S. History
Goal 9.01-9.04
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II. Questions
1. What were some accomplishments of the New Deal? Renewed confidence in
banks, a gradual improvement in farm conditions, and a reduction in
unemployment
2. Why did the Supreme Court declare the National Industrial Recovery Act (NIRA)
unconstitutional? It used an overbroad definition of interstate commerce
3. The farm policy of the New Deal was designed to…Increase prices of farm
products by reducing farm output
4. The Wagner Act…Allowed labor to organize into labor unions and to act as the
workers' sole bargaining agent in the workplace
5. The "Roosevelt coalition" that would allow the Democratic Party to dominate
politics for several decades rested on three pillars. What are the three pillars?
Traditional solid support in the South; industrial workers; city dwellers, especially
blacks and white ethnics
6. For what did Huey Long’s “Share Our Wealth” Society advocate? A guaranteed
annual income to each family
7. What was the most profound and long-lasting effect of the New Deal on
American politics? The increasing power of the president lessened the power of
Congress
8. The Indian Reorganization Act of 1934…Reversed a 50-year pattern by
recognizing tribal life
9. What did the Social Security program of 1935 provide? Federally administered
unemployment insurance; old age pensions paid for by taxes on employers and
workers; unemployment insurance administered by the federal government;
federally administered assistance to the blind and disabled.
10. Most of the rationale for conservative opposition to the New Deal came from the
argument that New Deal programs…Diminished the liberty of the individual
11. The Twenty-First Amendment, ratified in 1933, repealed the…Prohibition on the
manufacture and sale of alcoholic beverages
12. What was the primary purpose of the Public Works Administration and the Works
Progress Administration? To provide employment through federal deficit
spending
13. The most enduring change that occurred in United States banking during the
administration of Franklin Roosevelt was the…Federal insurance of bank deposits
U.S. History
Goal 9.01-9.04
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14. In addition to putting young men back to work, a principal purpose of the Civilian
Conservation Corps was to…Promote reforestation and land conservation
15. What action did FDR take to avoid the ruling of the NRA and AAA as
unconstitutional? Increases the number of Supreme Court justices with the courtpacking plan.
16. The themes of writers and artists in the Twenties included…disillusionment &
anti-materialism
17. The Coolidge administration…worked to help wealthy Americans through tax
cuts and other pro-business activities
18. The Harlem Renaissance refers to…the movement of African-American artists,
poets, and writers who expressed their pride in being black.
19. One of the most important economic transformations in the years after WWI
was…the shift in production from heavy industry to consumer goods and services
20. One effect of the Great Depression on women was to…strengthen the belief that a
woman’s place was in the home
21. The Reconstruction Finance Corporation…offered emergency loans to banks,
farm mortgage associations, building and loan societies, and other such businesses
to prevent bankruptcies
22. Which of the following statements comes closest to Franklin D. Roosevelt's
meaning of the New Deal? These times call for policies that will bring a decent
standard of living to the forgotten people at the bottom of the economic pyramid.
23. In order to deal with the crisis in banking at the time of his inauguration, what
steps did Franklin Roosevelt take? Declared a four-day “banking holiday: and
prohibited the export of money
24. What was an important result of the Hawley-Smoot Tariff Act? Tariff reprisals
from a number of foreign countries
25. One of the loudest complaints of wealthy conservatives against the New Deal was
that it…threatened their wealth and their privileged status and moved the country
toward a welfare state
26. The Committee for Industrial Organization (CIO) was established…to organize
all workers in a particular industry, regardless of race, gender, or degree of skill
27. What was the fundamental failure of the New Deal? It did not end the Depression
U.S. History
Goal 9.01-9.04
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28. During the New Deal, blacks became strong supporters of the Democratic Party
because… the New Deal relief agencies included blacks as recipients
29. How would one characterize the economy of the 1920s? A shift to the production
of consumer goods
30. Why did Prohibition fail? Many Americans believed the law interfered with their
personal freedom
31. By the end of the 1920s, what had become the nation’s largest industry?
Automobiles
32. What describes the administrations of Warren Harding and Calvin Coolidge? The
business of government is business!
33. The Republicans returned to power with the election of Warren G. Harding in
1920. The new president’s call for a “return to normalcy” turned out to
mean…isolationism and laissez-faire
34. The rapid growth of the automobile industry was made possible by… a ready
market created by the rising standard of living and the increase of leisure time of
the average American
35. Who remarked, The man who builds a factory builds a temple; the man who
works there, worships there? Calvin Coolidge
36. American foreign policy toward Europe during the 1920s was characterized by
a…Trend toward isolationism, except for a willingness to enter into a treaty to
curtail a naval arms race.
37. Which of the following statements is most consistent with the philosophy of
Marcus Garvey's Universal Negro Improvement Association?
A. Blacks should demand integration in all areas of American society
B. Blacks should separate themselves from corrupt white American
society
C. Blacks must elect their own candidates to state and national offices in
order to become an integral part of white society
D. Blacks must prove their ability at manual jobs in order to achieve upward
mobility
38. Which of the following methods of fighting the Depression did President Herbert
Hoover oppose throughout his administration?
A. Federal welfare programs to give relief directly to the poor
B. An increase of taxes on wealthy individuals and corporations
C. Loans by the government to big businesses to keep them from failing
D. Increased state and local spending for public works programs
U.S. History
Goal 9.01-9.04
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E. Continued promotion of cooperation and conferences between government
and business
39. One of the major problems facing farmers in the 1920s was…overproduction
40. Part of the reason for the stock market crash was…the buying of great amounts of
stock “on margin”
41. What was the significance of the Immigration Acts of 1921 and 1924? They set
quotas on immigration from certain areas of Europe, Asia, and Africa
42. What were some results of the “Dust Bowl”? Several million people on the Plains
abandoned their farms and moved West, loss of products from abandoned farms,
loss of jobs, etc…
43. The rebirth of the Ku Klux Klan suggested that…many Americans had an
unreasonable fear of radicals and foreigners
44. In the eyes of John Maynard Keynes, the ultimate responsibility for full
employment rested with the…federal government
45. The “New Woman” of the 1920s…rejected traditional, conservative values