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1. The Rise of Nationalism in Europe
Nationalism
in France
1830-1848
Nationalism
among
Balkans
1871-1914
Unification
of Italy
1830-1861
Nationalism
in Europe
1789-1914
Nationalism
in Britain
1688-1801
Unification
of Germany
1866-1871
Brief Concepts of the Lesson
1)
In 1848 Frederic Sorrieu a French artist visualized his dream of a world made up of
Democratic and Social Republics. As a result nationalism emerged as a force which
brought about sweeping changes in the Political and mental world of Europe.
2)
Due to the French revolution of 1789 the idea of National state and National identity
emerged. Napoleonic Code and reforms carried out in other parts of Europe gave the idea
of Social, Economic and Political Liberalism.
3)
Occurrence of revolutions in Brussels and Greece and development of cultural movement
in Europe.
4)
Unification of Germany and Italy. The formation of Great Britain.
5)
The allegories of Marianne in France and Germania in Germany were invented by the
artists in the 19th century representing the Nation. Thus the female figure became an
allegory of the Nation.
6) The growth of undue Nationalism and Imperialism in Europe paved the way for tension
and conflict in Balkans States. Due to rise of Nationalism in Balkans States there was a
spirit of struggle for Independence. At the outset the Political atmosphere in Balkans
States led Europe to disaster in 1914.
Important terms
Absolutist – Literally, a government or system of rule that has no restraints on the power
exercised. In history, the term refers to a form of monarchical government that was centralised,
militarised and repressive.
Plebiscite – A direct vote by which all the people of a region are asked to accept or reject a
proposal.
Conservatism: – A political philosophy that stressed the importance of tradition, established
institutions and customs, and preferred gradual development to quick change.
Feminist: – Awareness of women’s rights and interests based on the belief of the social,
economic and political equality of the genders
Ideology: – System of ideas reflecting a particular social and political vision
Questions & Answers
1. Write notes on.
a) Guiseppe Mazzini
b) Count Camillo de Cavour
c) The Greek war of independence
d) Frankfurt parliament
e) The role of women in nationalist struggles
ANSWERS:
a) Guiseppe Mazzini.
(i)
Born in Genoa in 1807, he became a member of the secret society of the
carbonari.
(ii)
As a young man of 24, he was sent into exile in 1831 for attempting a revolution
in Liguria.
(iii)
He subsequently founded two more underground societies, first, Young Italy in
Marseilles, and then, Young Europe in Berne
(iv)
Mazzini’s relentless opposition to monarchy and his vision of democratic
republics frightened the conservatives.
b) Count Camillo de Cavour
(i)
Cavour was the chief minister of Italy
(ii)
Cavour who led the movement to unify the regions of Italy was neither a
revolutionary nor a democrat.
(iii)
Through a tactful diplomatic alliance with France engineered by Cavour,
Sardinia-Piedmont succeeded in defeating the Austrian forces in 1859.
c) The Greek War of Independence
(i)
Greece had been part of the Ottoman Empire since the fifteenth century.
(ii)
The growth of revolutionary nationalism in Europe sparked off a struggle for
independence amongst the Greeks, which began in 1821.
(iii)
Nationalists in Greece got support from other Greeks living in exile and also
from many West Europeans
(iv)
The Treaty of Constantinople of 1832 recognized Greece as an independent
nation.
d) Frankfurt Parliament
(i)
In the German regions a large number of political associations whose members
were middle-class professionals, businessmen and prosperous artisans came
together in the city of Frankfurt and decided to vote for an all-German National
Assembly.
(ii)
On 18 May 1848, 831 elected representatives marched in a festive procession.
(iii)
They drafted a constitution for the German nation to be headed by a monarchy
subject to a parliament.
(iv)
The deputies offered the crown on these terms to Friedrich Wilhelm IV, King of
Prussia; he rejected it and joined other monarchs to oppose the elected assembly.
e) The Role of Women in Nationalist Struggles
(i)
The issue of extending political rights to women was a controversial one within
the liberal movement,
(ii)
Large numbers of women had participated actively over the years.
(iii)
Women formed their own political associations, founded newspapers and took
part in political meetings and demonstrations.
2. What steps did the French revolutionaries take to create a sense of collective identity
among the French people
Ans:
(i)
The ideas of la patrie (the fatherland) and le citoyen (the citizen) emphasized the
notion of a united community enjoying equal rights under a constitution.
(ii)
A new French flag, the tricolor, was chosen to replace the former royal standard.
(iii)
The Estates General was elected by the body of active citizens and renamed the
National Assembly.
(iv)
New hymns were composed, oaths taken and martyrs commemorated, all in the name
of the nation.
(v)
A centralised administrative system was put in place and it formulated uniform laws
for all citizens
(vi)
Internal customs duties and dues were abolished and a uniform system of weights and
measures was adopted. Regional dialects were discouraged and French, as it was
spoken and written in Paris, became the common language of the nation.
3. Explain what is meant by the 1848 revolutions of the liberals. What were the Political,
Social and Economic ideas supported by the Liberals?
Ans:
The 1848 Revolutions of the Liberals:
(i)
It was a revolt, which was led by unemployed, workers, and peasants and educated
middle class.
(ii)
Events of February 1848 in France had brought about abdication of the monarch and
a Republic based on universal suffrage had been proclaimed.
(iii)
The changes in France inspired men and women of middle class of Germany, Italy,
Poland and Austro-Hungarian to fight for national unification.
(iv)
The liberals took advantage of the unrest prevailing in the society. They demanded
the creation of nation state on parliamentary principles, freedom of press, freedom of
association.
Political, Social and Economic ideas of Liberals:
(i)
The liberals demanded the creation of nation state on parliamentary principles.
(ii)
The issue of extending political rights for women was controversial as some of them
were in favour of political rights for women while most of the liberals were against it.
(iii)
Serfdom and bonded labour was abolished in most of the European countries due to
the efforts of the liberals.
4. Who were the Marianne and the Germania? What was the importance of the way in
which they were portrayed?
Ans:
a. Artists in the 18th and 19th centuries started representing nations in human forms.
Nation was then portrayed as female figures.
b. The female form that was chosen to personify the nation did not stand for any
particular woman in life; rather it became the allegory of the nation.
c. Even after the French revolution, artists used the female allegory to portray ideas
such as Liberty, Justice and Republic.
d. These ideals were represented through specific objects or symbols. The attributes of
liberty were the red cap or the broken chain, while Justice was generally a blind
folded woman carrying weighing scales.
e. In France, she was christened MARIANNE, a popular Christian name, which
underlined the idea of people's nation. Her characteristics were drawn from those of
the red cap, the tricolor, and the cockade. To popularize the national symbol the
statues was erected in public squares. Marianne images were also marked on coins
and stamps.
f. Similarly, Germania became the allegory of the German nation. In visual
representation, Germania wears a crown of oak leaves, as the German oak stands for
heroism.
5. Choose three examples to show the contribution of culture to the growth of nationalism
in Europe?
Ans: Contribution of culture to the growth of nationalism in Europe:
[1] Role of Culture:
Culture played an important role in creating the idea of nations, art and poetry, stories and music
helped express and shape nationalist feelings. Romanticism, is a cultural movement that sought to
develop a particular form of nationalist sentiment. The effort of the artists and the poets was to
basically create a sense of shared collective heritage, a common cultural past, as the basis of a
nation.
[2] Role of Music, Dance.etc.
Other Romantics such as the German philosopher Johann Gottfried Herder claimed that true
German culture was to be discovered among the common people. It was through folk songs, folk
poetry and folk dances that the true spirit of the nation was popularized.
[3] Role of Language:
Language too played an important role in developing nationalist sentiments. After Russian
occupation, the Polish language was forced out of schools and the Russian language was imposed
everywhere. In1831, an armed rebellion against Russian rule took place, which was ultimately
crushed. Following this, many members of the clergy in Poland began to use language as a
weapon of national resistance.
6. Through a focus on any two countries, explain how nations developed over the 19 th
century.
Ans:
The making of nationalism in Germany and Italy:
(i) In the mid of the 18th century in Europe there were no nation states as we know of them today.
(ii) Germany and Italy were divided into kingdoms. Eastern and Central Europe was under
autocratic rule with in the territories lived people of diverse cultures.
(iii) The Habsburg empire that ruled over Austria-Hungary, for example, was an area having
intense diversity of culture and language too. It included the Alpine regions- the Tyrol, Austria
and Sudetenland- as well as Bohemia, where the aristocracy was predominantly German
speaking. It also included the Italian speaking provinces of Lombardy and Venetia.
(iv) In Hungary half of the population spoke Magyar while the other half spoke different dialects.
In Galicia, the aristocracy spoke Polish.
Thus such differences did not easily promote a sense of political unity. The only tie binding them
was a common kingdom.
th
century nationalist feeling kept arising but the autocracy and the clergy
suppressed most of it.
7. How was the history of nationalism in Britain unlike the rest of Europe?
Ans:
NATIONALISM IN BRITAIN

Britain in earlier times
There was no British nation prior to the 18th century. The ethnic groups consisted of the
English, Welsh, Scot and Irish. All of them had different cultures and political interests.

Becoming a supreme power
The English Parliament had seized power from the monarchy in 1688. It was an instrument
through which a nation-state with England at its Centre came to be forged.

Dominance over Scotland
The Act of Union made Scotland to come under England. The English people dominated the
English Parliament. Catholic people also faced terrible repression whenever they tried to
assert their freedom. The Scottish Highlanders were not allowed to speak their national
language and wear their national clothes. Many were driven out of their homeland.

Domination over Ireland
Ireland was deeply divided into Protestants and the Catholics. The English helped Protestants
to establish their dominance over a largely Catholic country. Catholic revolts were
suppressed. After a failed revolt led by Wolfe Tone, Ireland was forcibly incorporated into
the United Kingdom in 1801.

New Britain
The symbols of the new Britain were: the British flag (Union Jack), the national anthem (God
Save Our Noble King), the English Language were actively promoted and the older nations
survived only as subordinate partners in the nations.
8. Why did Nationalist tensions emerge in the Balkans?
Ans:
NATIONALISM AMONG BALKANS

The Balkans
It was a region of geographical and ethnic variation comprising modern day Romania,
Bulgaria, Albania, Greece, Macedonia, Croatia, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Slovenia, Serbia and
Montenegro whose inhabitants were broadly known as Slavs.


Spread of Nationalism
The spread of the idea of romantic nationalism in the Balkans together with disintegration of
the Ottoman Empire made this region very explosive.
Claim of Independence
The Balkans based their claims for independence of political rights on nationality and used
history to prove that they had once been independent but had been subjugated by foreign
power.
Hence, the rebellious nationalities in the Balkans thought of their struggles as their
attempts to win back their long lost independence.

Area of intense conflict
As the different Slavic nationalities struggled to define their territories the Balkan region
became a region of intense conflict. The Balkan states were extremely jealous of each other
and each hoped to gain more territory at the expense of the other. Matters were further
complicated because the Balkans also became the scene of big power rivalry.
9. What changes did Napoleon introduce to make the administrative system more efficient
in the territories ruled by him?
Ans.
Reforms introduced by Napoleon to make his administrative system more efficient.



Napoleon destroyed democracy in France.
He introduced civil code of 804 usually known as the Napoleonic code in the
administrative field.
He had incorporated revolutionary principles in order to make the whole system more
rational and efficient.
Features of Napoleonic code
He removed all discrimination based on birth, sex, and established equality before the law and
secured the right to property.
Changes took place after the establishment of Napoleonic code
Napoleon simplified administrative divisions, abolished the feudal system and freed peasants
from serfdom and manorial dues.
Transport and communication systems were improved. Peasants, artisans, workers and new
businessman enjoyed a newfound freedom.
Businessmen and small-scale producers realized that uniform laws, standardized weight and
measures and common currency would facilitate the movement and exchange of goods and
capital from one region to another.
10. Briefly trace the process of German and Italy unification. Compare both of them.
Ans.
Establishment of German unification





Nationalist feelings were wide spread among middle class Germans, who in 1848
tried to unite the different regions of the German confederation into a nation-state
governed by an elected parliament.
The Liberal initiative to nation-building was repressed by the combined forces of
monarchy and the military, supported by the large land owners (called Junkers) of
Prussia.
Otto Von Bismarck (chief minister) was the architect of the unification process
carried out with the help of Prussian army and bureaucracy.
After fighting three wars in seven years with Austria, Denmark and France,the
Prussian won and completed the process of unification
In January 1871, the Prussian king, William I, was proclaimed German emperor in
the ceremony held at Versailles.
Geographical feature of Italy
Italians were scattered over several dynastic states as well as multi-national Habsburg
Empire. During the middle of the nineteenth century, Italy was divided into seven states
of which Sardinia-Piedmont was ruled by the Italian princely house.
PROCESS OF THE UNIFICATION OF ITALY








During 1830, Guiseppe Mazzini had sought to put together a coherent programme for
a unitary Italian republic.
Mazzini had also formed a secret society called Young Italy for the dissemination of
goals.
The failure of revolutionary uprising both in 1831 and 1848 meant that the mantle
now fell on Sardinia-Piedmont under its ruler king Victor Emmanuel II to unify the
Italian states through war.
Chief Minister Cavour who led the movement to unify the region of Italy was neither
a revolutionary nor a democrat.
Wealthy and educated members of the Italian elite spoke French much better than
they spoke Italian.
Sardinia-Piedmont succeeded in defeating the Austrian forces in 1859.
A large number of armed volunteers under the leadership of Giuseppe Garibaldi
joined the fray.
In 1860, they marched into south Italy and the kingdom of two sicilies and succeeded
in winning the support of the local peasants in order to drive out the Spanish ruler. In
1861 Victor Emmanuel II was proclaimed the king of Italy.
.
Comparison
1. In both the countries, nationalist feelings were wide spread among middle-class
people.
2. The nationality among the people developed the legal and judicial system and
modernised the currency and banking.
EXTRA-QUESTIONS:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
What is a nation state?
Mention two significance of the Treaty of Constantinople.
What is “July Revolution”?
What is Romanticism?
How did the artists of the 18th and19th century visualize a nation? Illustrate with an
example.
What were the consequences of the Treaty of Vienna?
What were the changes that came into existence after the English parliament took
over in the United Kingdom of Great Britain in 1688?
Explain the term liberal nationalism. How did the growth of liberalism help in
promoting economic nationalism?
What were the factors that led to the rise of Nationalism in Europe?