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SNC1D - Vipond UNIT OBJECTIVES: ASTRONOMY Some things you will be expected to know: Section 1: The Night Sky Ancient astronomers: Mayans, Mesopotamians, Egyptians, Greeks (Ptolemy) Inferring Earth’s spherical shape Copernicus, Kepler Constellations; apparent magnitude The reasons for seasons; aphelion, perihelion The moon; motion, phases, structure, eclipses (solar, lunar); tides Planets: all eight in order from the Sun outward; terrestrial (inner) planets; gas giants (outer) planets; which ones are visible with the unaided eye; their characteristics Retrograde motion and what causes it (diagram) Kuiper Belt, Oort Cloud The planets: handout (don't learn any numbers); motion around sun Asteroids Comets Meteoroids, meteors and meteorites Section 2: Exploring Our Stellar Neighbourhood Telescopes Electromagnetic radiation spectrum Satellites; uses; geosynchronous satellites; remote sensing The Sun; structure; sunspots; solar wind, flares, and prominences; fusion Solar-nebula theory; how the Sun formed Extra-solar planets Stars; luminosity, absolute magnitude Temperature and colours of stars Absorption spectra of stars and their analysis Mass of stars Hertzsprung-Russell diagram and types of stars Evolution of low mass (red dwarf) stars, medium mass main sequence stars, massive stars, all from nebulae to their final phases Section 3: The Mysterious Universe Galaxies, spiral, irregular, and elliptical; the Milky Way Star clusters, open and globular Galaxy clusters Doppler effect and measuring motion of stars with their absorption spectra: Red-shift → going away from us; blue-shift → coming toward us The Hubble Law; state it and describe the evidence that supports it Big Bang Theory: be able to explain how the universe was formed according to this theory; know the particles formed at each step, but not specific times or temperatures SNC1D - Vipond Be able to define these scientific terms (and any others in the notes): absolute magnitude aphelion apparent magnitude asterism asteroid astronomical unit binary stars black hole blue-shift calendar celestial comet constellation corona Doppler effect ellipse extra-solar fusion galaxy geocentric geosynchronous gravity/gravitational force heliocentric latitude light-year luminosity meteoroid meteorite meteor nebula neutron star orbital radius penumbra perihelion period photosphere planet red-shift revolution rotation satellite solar flare solar mass solar plane solar prominence solar wind star sun spot supernova umbra