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Geology 141 Fall, 2002 October, 2002 Name 2 GE141: Physical Processes of Planet Earth First Hour Examination INSTRUCTIONS: PLEASE read the instructions and questions CAREFULLY and completely. If you do not understand a question as it appears on the exam, PLEASE ASK FOR CLARIFICATION!! It is to YOUR benefit to do so. This examination is worth 100 points, or 10% of your overall semester grade. Exams will be graded as quickly as possible; your individual point total will be entered on the last page to ensure that only you know how well you did on the exam, unless you choose to divulge that information to others. "La realidad necesita ser completada por la ficción para hacer la vida más fácil." ("Reality needs fiction to make life a little easier.") - Pedro Almodóvar Caballero award-winning Spanish film director Geology 141: Fall, 2002 First Hour Examination ... Page 2 ... Please respond to each question in the most appropriate fashion. Please make your responses concise and to the point, but thorough; use sketch diagrams any place you believe that they may help explain your response. There should be ample space provided for an adequate response to each question; PLEASE RESTRICT YOUR RESPONSES TO THE SPACE PROVIDED. PLEASE ALSO write legibly; I CANNOT give any credit for responses I can't read! The number of points for each question is indicated in parentheses after the question. (And PLEASE remember as well that, as promised on the syllabus, I WILL deduct a point each time I see "volcanoe" or "techtonic!") 1. What was "The Big Bang" and when is it believed to have occurred? About how old do we believe the Earth and our Solar System to be? Why is there this great discrepancy in ages, and what is the direct evidence for that on Earth? (5 points) 2. What are the four fundamental criteria a substance must meet to be considered a mineral? (5 points: 1 point each, + 1 bonus point for the first correct answer). 1. 2. 3. 4. 3. What is the basis for classifying rocks into three major groups? What is this kind of classification called? (5 points: 4-1) Geology 141: Fall, 2002 First Hour Examination ... Page 3 ... 4. Sketch an example of a rock with a porphyritic texture, and label each of the two major components that distinguish this texture. What produces this kind of texture in an igneous rock? How might this relate to Bowen's Reaction Series? (10 points) Geology 141: Fall, 2002 First Hour Examination ... Page 4 ... 5. Sketch and label profile (side) views of a shield volcano and a stratovolcano that clearly show the major difference between them. What specific factors are responsible for these volcanoes having such different shapes? Which would you feel safer visiting while it was actively erupting, and why? (10 points) 6. What are the basic, fundamental differences between the Himalaya and the Andes, as regards their origins? (10 points) Geology 141: Fall, 2002 First Hour Examination ... Page 5 ... 7. Discuss the basic fundamentals of plate tectonics and continental drift, including (a) what drives the process, (b) where and how plates are being created, and (c) where and how plates are being destroyed (if they are). Identify specific places in the world where (b) and (c) are taking place (at least one each). (10 points) Geology 141: Fall, 2002 First Hour Examination ... Page 6 ... 8. What are the two most abundant elements in the Earth's continental crust, by weight? What are the two most abundant gasses in magmas? ((5 points: 1 point each, + 1 bonus point for the first correct answer). The two most abundant elements in the Earth's continental crust are (in order of their abundance!) # 1 is # 2 is The two most abundant gases in most magmas are: 3. 4. 9. We used a simple equation in class to summarize the five most important factors in the formation of a soil: S = f {P, C, B, T, t} What do each of these letters represent? (5 points, 1 point each) P = C= B= T = t = 10. What is the basis for classifying minerals into different specific groups? What group makes up approximately 95% of the Earth's crust? What one other group is more important for its abundance in the crust than its economic significance? (5 points: 3-2) ~95% of the crust is composed of minerals The other group that's critically important for its bulk in the crust is the 11. What does Bowen's Reaction Series have to do with the relative resistance of minerals to chemical weathering? (5 points) Geology 141: Fall, 2002 First Hour Examination ... Page 7 ... 12. Identify any two volcanoes that have erupted in historic times (i.e., in the last 4000 years) that have had a major impact on a human population somewhere in the world. (5 points: 3-2) 13. What are dikes and sills, and what is the difference between the two? (Make sure your response clearly shows you know what they are, and how they're differentiated from each other; a diagram may be particularly helpful here.) (5 points: 3-2) 14. What are Benioff Zones and what do earthquakes and/or volcanoes? (5 points) they have to do with Geology 141: Fall, 2002 First Hour Examination ... Page 8 ... 15. On the maps on the following page (the maps are printed backto-back), locate precisely each of the following localities or features. FOR SMALL FEATURES OR LOCALITIES, use a sharp arrow drawn from your label to the feature, so there can be no doubt about what you are labeling. PLEASE remember that IT IS TO YOUR BENEFIT that your label is clear enough that there is NO question as to your meaning or intent! (10 points, 1 point each) And YES, all labels must be correctly spelled for credit! [ Since all you have to do is copy the name from the list below! ] On the map of the U.S. & Canada: Washington, D.C. Gulf of California New Mexico Alberta Indiana On the map of the world: Iceland Aleutian Islands Himalaya Java Iraq Grade on exam: __________________ out of 100 possible*. * If this is below 70, please see me within the next week !!! PLEASE NOTE: After exams are graded, I will return your exam ONLY to you. It will not be released to friends, roommates, your lab partner, or anyone else. This is to ensure YOUR security and confidentiality.