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Review: Chapter 19 Endocrine and Reproductive Define Endocrine system: consists of glands that transmit chemical messengers Hormone: chemical messengers carried through bloodstream Amino acid hormones: do not cross membrane Steroid hormones: cross membrane 1 Glands: organ that secretes materials Name gland with its location and function. (Short answer: name, function, location) Pituitary: base of skull, normal functioning of body Thyroid: neck, normal heart rate and body temperature Adrenal: on kidney, produces adrenaline during stressful situations 2 Testes: lower abdomen, produces male sex hormone testosterone Ovaries: lower abdomen, produces female sex hormones estrogen and progesterone Pancreas: behind stomach, regulates blood sugar level Explain how sperm is formed Testes: male sex gland that produces sperm during puberty when testosterone is released Sperm: sex cell with three 3 regions (head, midpiece, and tail) Define and label the parts of the male reproductive system (From worksheet) Testes: reproductive gland Seminiferous tubules: coiled tubules that produce sperm Scrotum: external sac that holds testes Epididymis: tubule that stores sperm until it is mature Vas deferens: tube from epididymis to urethra 4 Urethra: tube that urine and sperm use to exit the body Penis: urethra passes through it to deposit sperm Explain how eggs are formed Ovaries contain 400,000 immature eggs when female is born and 400 will mature and be released starting from puberty Define and label the parts of the female reproductive system (From worksheet) Ovary: reproductive gland that produces eggs 5 Fallopian tubes: tubes that connect ovaries to uterus Uterus: hollow organ that prepares for fertilized egg Cervix: lower entrance of uterus Vagina: tube from cervix to outside of body Vuvla: folds of skin that cover the opening to the system 6 Describe the phases of the menstrual cycle Menstrual cycle: series of changes that occur every 28 days to prepare for a possible pregnancy S.A: name and description 1. Follicular phase: egg matures in follicle 2. Ovulation: release of egg from follicle(ovary) 3. Luteal phase: egg travels through fallopian tube and it is the best time for fertilization 7 4. Menstruation: lining of the uterus is discharged through vagina Explain the process of fertilization (Short answer) Fertilization: sperm and egg fuse and form a zygote Sperm travels through vagina, cervix, uterus, and into fallopian tube Sperm encounters egg and attaches 8 Enzymes in sperm start to break down the protective layer around the egg One sperm enters and unites with nucleus of egg Implantation: blastocyst (ball of cells) burrows and embeds itself into the lining of the uterus Describe the stages of pregnancy. First trimester Embryo: develops from mass of cell and forms three layers of cells 9 Placenta: organ that connects embryo to mother Umbilical cord: attaches embryo to placenta Fetus: after 8 weeks until birth All organs systems formed Second trimester S.A: 1 characteristic Uterus begins to enlarge Fetus’s heartbeat can be heard Fetus begins to wake and sleep 10 Third trimester S.A: 1 characteristic Fetus grows quickly Reacts to sound and light Prepares to survive outside of uterus Fat deposits Describe the process of birth Labor: muscle contractions and other events that lead up to childbirth Hormones initiate labor 11 Strong contractions push a fetus through the cervix, vagina, and out of the mother’s body Placenta and uterine lining are expelled 12