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Review: Chapter 19
Endocrine and Reproductive
Define
Endocrine system: consists of
glands that transmit chemical
messengers
Hormone: chemical messengers
carried through bloodstream
Amino acid hormones: do
not cross membrane
Steroid hormones: cross
membrane
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Glands: organ that secretes
materials
Name gland with its location
and function.
(Short answer: name, function,
location)
Pituitary: base of skull, normal
functioning of body
Thyroid: neck, normal heart rate
and body temperature
Adrenal: on kidney, produces
adrenaline during stressful
situations
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Testes: lower abdomen,
produces male sex hormone
testosterone
Ovaries: lower abdomen,
produces female sex hormones
estrogen and progesterone
Pancreas: behind stomach,
regulates blood sugar level
Explain how sperm is formed
Testes: male sex gland that
produces sperm during puberty
when testosterone is released
Sperm: sex cell with three
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regions (head, midpiece, and tail)
Define and label the parts of
the male reproductive system
(From worksheet)
Testes: reproductive gland
Seminiferous tubules: coiled
tubules that produce sperm
Scrotum: external sac that holds
testes
Epididymis: tubule that stores
sperm until it is mature
Vas deferens: tube from
epididymis to urethra
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Urethra: tube that urine and
sperm use to exit the body
Penis: urethra passes through it
to deposit sperm
Explain how eggs are formed
Ovaries contain 400,000
immature eggs when female is
born and 400 will mature and be
released starting from puberty
Define and label the parts of
the female reproductive system
(From worksheet)
Ovary: reproductive gland that
produces eggs
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Fallopian tubes: tubes that
connect ovaries to uterus
Uterus: hollow organ that
prepares for fertilized egg
Cervix: lower entrance of uterus
Vagina: tube from cervix to
outside of body
Vuvla: folds of skin that cover
the opening to the system
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Describe the phases of the
menstrual cycle
Menstrual cycle: series of
changes that occur every 28 days
to prepare for a possible
pregnancy
S.A: name and description
1. Follicular phase: egg matures
in follicle
2. Ovulation: release of egg
from follicle(ovary)
3. Luteal phase: egg travels
through fallopian tube and it is
the best time for fertilization
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4. Menstruation: lining of the
uterus is discharged through
vagina
Explain the process of
fertilization (Short answer)
Fertilization: sperm and egg fuse
and form a zygote
 Sperm travels through vagina,
cervix, uterus, and into
fallopian tube
 Sperm encounters egg and
attaches
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 Enzymes in sperm start to
break down the protective
layer around the egg
 One sperm enters and unites
with nucleus of egg
Implantation: blastocyst (ball of
cells) burrows and embeds itself
into the lining of the uterus
Describe the stages of
pregnancy.
First trimester
 Embryo: develops from mass
of cell and forms three layers
of cells
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 Placenta: organ that connects
embryo to mother
 Umbilical cord: attaches
embryo to placenta
 Fetus: after 8 weeks until birth
 All organs systems formed
Second trimester
S.A: 1 characteristic
 Uterus begins to enlarge
 Fetus’s heartbeat can be heard
 Fetus begins to wake and
sleep
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Third trimester
S.A: 1 characteristic
 Fetus grows quickly
 Reacts to sound and light
 Prepares to survive outside of
uterus
 Fat deposits
Describe the process of birth
Labor: muscle contractions and
other events that lead up to
childbirth
 Hormones initiate labor
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 Strong contractions push a
fetus through the cervix,
vagina, and out of the
mother’s body
 Placenta and uterine lining are
expelled
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