Download Reaction Revolution and Romanticism

Reaction Revolution and Romanticism
1815 – 1850
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The Conservative Order
o The Governments of Britain, Austria, Russia and Prussia, as well as the Royalists in France, all
sought to return to the _________________ status quo.
o None of the rulers were naïve enough to believe that all of the revolutionary changes could be
reversed, but they meant to contain the forces of __________.
The Peace Settlement
o The __________________ was formed even before Napoleon’s defeat in order to both defeat the
French and to ensure a lasting peace after the war.
o After Napoleon's defeat, the Quadruple Alliance restored the old _______ monarchy to France in
the person of Louis XVIII.
The Congress of Vienna
o Representatives of all the European powers, except Turkey, assembled at the Congress at ______
in September of ____ to discuss the post-war situation.
The Hundred Days
o The Congress was interrupted in February ____ by Napoleon's escape from Elba.
The Great Powers
o Most conspicuous among the numerous monarchs who attended the Congress was ___________,
emperor of Russia.
o The Tsar supported such generally unpopular causes as the unification of the ______ states and
the establishment of a constitutional government in ______.
Great Britain
o Great Britain was represented mainly by its foreign minister Robert Stewart, Viscount
___________, and by the general and statesman Arthur Wellesley, 1st duke of __________.
o France
o Although the major powers had agreed that France should not be party to any important
decisions, the French diplomat Charles Maurice de __________ succeeded in securing an equal
share in the deliberations.
Prussia
o The principal delegate from Prussia was Prince Karl August von __________.
Austria
o By far, the foreign minister and diplomat who dominated the Congress of Vienna was Klemens
von __________ of Austria.
o Metternich pursued the policy of __________, meaning he endeavored to restore legitimate
monarchs to the thrones of every major European power in order to preserve traditional
institutions and values.
o Metternich believed European monarchs shared the common interest of _________.
o In order to maintain stability, the Congress of Vienna created policies that would maintain the
_______ of _____ among the members of the Quadruple Alliance.
The Polish Question
o In Poland the policy of Legitimacy was ignored in favor of more practical politics.
o The Prussians and Austrians were both granted small parts of Poland and the rest of the Grand
Duchy was made the Kingdom of Poland under the hereditary rule of the ________ of Russia.
The French Question
o The policy of maintaining the balance of power also dictated the post-war treatment of ______.
o The fear that France would someday again upset the peace of Europe led to the creation of
_____________ around France.
The Kingdom of the Netherlands
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o The territory of the Dutch Republic and the Austrian Netherlands of Belgium were combined
under the hereditary rule of King William I of the house of ______.
The Kingdom of Sardinia
o The territory of the Piedmont and the island of Sardinia were made the Kingdom of Sardinia to
be ruled by the House of _____.
The Germanic Confederation
o The territories along the east bank of the Rhine were given to _______ and the Confederation of
the Rhine was reorganized into the ______________________.
The Compensation of Austria
o Austria was given back most of the territory it had recently lost and was compensated in
Germany and Italy (Lombardia and Venice) for the loss of the Austrian Netherlands.
o The formerly Venetian part of Dalmatia (now in Croatia) also went to Austria.
The Ideology of Conservatism
o The Congress of Vienna marked the beginning of decades of political reactions to the _______
ideologies of the French and American revolutions.
o During the period following the fall of Napoleon the dominant political philosophy of Europe
was ____________.
Conservatism
o A philosophy that is adverse to rapid change and innovation and strives for balance and _____,
while avoiding extremes.
o Conservatives advocated belief in _____ over reason, _________ over free inquiry, hierarchy
over equality, collective values over individualism, and divine or natural law over secular law.
o Conservatism emphasizes the merits of the __________ and endorses the prevailing distribution
of power, wealth, and social standing.
Edmund Burke
o Conservatism was best expressed in Edmund Burke's Reflections on the Revolution in France,
which emphasized the dangers of radical and "________" political change.
o Burke viewed society as an _____________, with individuals performing various roles and
functions.
o In this society a natural _____—by virtue of birth, wealth, and education—is supposed to
provide the leadership.
o The community is held together by venerable customs and __________; gradual changes can be
made, but only when they have gained wide acceptance.
o Burke rejected the principles of ________, popular representation, and popular sovereignty.
The Concert of Europe
o The chief accomplishment of the Congress was in reestablishing a ________________ among
the countries of Europe, with the result that the peace of Europe remained practically undisturbed
for 40 years.
o This enduring peace was maintained through the establishment of the _________________, in
which the Quadruple Alliance (later the Quintuple Alliance – with France) was reaffirmed and
the Great Powers would meet periodically.
o The purpose of the meetings were to ensure _____ and end _________ against the established
order through the use of armed intervention.
Intervention
o __________________ by the allies was successful in ending rebellions against the Bourbons in
both Spain and Italy.
o _______ disagreed with the use of force to intervene in the internal affairs of a country.
Latin America
o The Napoleonic Wars led to open rebellion against _______ rule throughout Latin America
o By 1820, the Concert of Europe was planning armed intervention to restore the Bourbon
monarchy’s control over its former colonies in Latin America.
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The Monroe Doctrine
o British foreign minister George _______ suggested a joint venture with the United States to
preserve the interests of both nations by blocking European colonization in the Western
Hemisphere.
o U.S. Secretary of State John Quincy Adams and President James ______ announced that the U.S.
would not allow intervention in Latin America.
“the wake of a British man-of-war”
o In reality the most important factor in preventing the European overthrow of the newly
independent nations of Latin America was _______ _____ power.
The Greek Revolt
o In 1821 Greek ____________ led a revolt against the Ottoman Turks who had ruled the region
for over 400 years.
o In the first phase (1821-1824) of the war for Greek independence, the Greeks fought virtually
alone, aided only by money and volunteers from other European countries, where the Greek
cause had aroused a great deal of sympathy.
o ________ and _________ took up the cause of Greek liberty.
o Lord _____, the Romantic poet, died in Greece while fighting in the revolution.
The Great Powers Intervene
o Because of the _________ importance of Greece on the continent of Europe, the European
powers agreed in 1827 to intervene militarily on behalf of the Greeks.
o France, Great Britain, and Russia first demanded an _________, which the Turkish government,
commonly known as the Porte, refused.
o The European powers then sent ____________ to Greece.
o The presence of the naval forces, and the efforts of ______, in particular, forced the Porte to
accept a settlement.
Treaty of Adrianople
o In 1829 the Treaty of Adrianople terminated the _____________ War, which had grown out of
both the Greek revolution and Russia's own aspirations in southeastern Europe.
The Kingdom of Greece
o In 1830, under the ______ ________, the Allies established the Kingdom of Greece with a
German Bavarian prince as the new “Greek” king.
The Conservative Domination
Great Britain
o In 1815, Britain was ruled by the aristocratic __________ classes that dominated both houses of
Parliament.
o Voting was controlled by the ______ gentry and was unequal and restricted.
The Whigs and Tories
o The British Parliament was divided into two factions: the Whigs and Tories.
o Both factions were still controlled by the ______ classes, but the Whigs were receiving support
from the new upper ____________ generated by the Industrial Revolution.
The Tories
o The Tories controlled Parliament and became more ___________ with the excesses of the
French Revolution and Napoleon.
o In 1815, with falling grain prices, the Tories passed the ________, which placed extremely high
tariffs on imported grain.
o The working classes reacted to higher bread prices with outrage and ________.
The Peterloo Massacre
o In 1819, a crowd of 60,000 __________ in Manchester was attacked by army cavalry.
o Eleven people were killed in the “massacre” and the government reacted by passing __________
measures against the protesters.
Restoration in France
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o In 1814, the Bourbon king Louis XVIII (brother of Louis XVI) was restored to the throne.
The Constitutional Charter
o Understanding the need to maintain some of the revolutionary reforms, the Bourbons agreed to
the terms of the Concordat with the Pope and accepted Napoleon’s __________.
o Louis was opposed by both the Liberals and the conservative _______________.
o The Ultras gained the upper hand in 1824 when Louis was succeeded by _________.
o Conservative policies of the Ultras led France, once again, to the brink of __________ by 1830.
Intervention in Italy
o By 1815, following the Congress of Vienna, the Italian peninsula remained divided into nine
states subject to the domination of northern European powers.
o Attempts at revolt against the Bourbons and Hapsburg were brutally _______.
o Secret societies, such as the _________ kept the spirit of nationalism and revolution alive.
Intervention in Spain
o The Spanish Bourbon king _____________ was restored in 1814.
o Refusal to institutes political reforms led to an upper-____________ rebellion in 1820.
o The Concert of Europe __________, when a French army invaded Spain in 1823.
o Ferdinand later imprisoned and tortured to death the leaders of the rebellion.
Repression in Central Europe
o Prince Metternich used his _____________ to insure that Nationalism and Liberalism were kept
in check in Central Europe.
German Nationalism
o The Nationalists in the German speaking countries looked to King Frederick William III of
_______ for leadership.
Prussian Reforms
o The Prussian government instituted a number of liberal reforms: abolition of _______, municipal
governments, expansion of education and universal military conscription.
o Following these initial reforms Prussia became more ___________ and remained an absolutist
state with no real interest in German unity.
Burschenschaften
o The growing forces of liberalism and nationalism in central Europe were best characterized by
the Burschenschaften, the radical _________________ of Germany.
Honor, Liberty and Fatherland
o The Burschenschaften sought to spread German ___________ and culture through a variety of
activities that really worried Metternich and the Conservatives.
The Karlsbad Decrees
o The Karlsbad Decrees of 1819 were passed by the Diet of the German Confederation to disband
Burschenschaften, impose __________ on the German press and placed most German
universities under close government supervision.
The Austrian Empire
o The Empire was a multinational state held together by the power of the Hapsburg rulers.
o The _______, who made up one quarter of the population, dominated the country.
o Metternich’s policies of __________ and reaction held in check the nationalistic feelings of such
diverse groups as the Slavs, Magyars and Czechs.
Autocratic Russia
 The Russian Tsar, Alexander I, a believer in the ideals of the _____________, abolished many cruel
punishments and in 1802 introduced a more orderly administration of government.
 He improved the condition of the serfs and promoted education, doubling the number of Russian
universities.
 But he refused to grant a ____________ or free the serfs.
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With the defeat of Napoleon he became more ___________, reverting to a program of arbitrary
censorship and repression against liberal groups such as the National Union.
The Decembrist Revolt
o Nicholas I came to the throne after suppressing the Decembrist revolt, staged by reform-minded
_____________ who favored the accession of his brother Constantine.
Nicholas I
o His domestic policy was __________ and his foreign policy aggressive.
The Policeman of Europe
o He introduced military discipline into the civil service, tried to prevent the spread of
revolutionary ideas by rigid __________ and strict state control of universities.
The Ideologies of Change
Liberalism, Nationalism and Socialism
Liberalism
o The idea that people should be as free from restraint as possible – this is expressed in both
political and economic liberalism.
Economic Liberalism
o Also called _________ economics, economic liberalism is based on the idea of _____________.
o Government should only involve itself in three things: defense, police and public works.
Thomas Malthus
o In his work Essay on the Principles of __________, Malthus argued that population, if left
unchecked, increases geometrically while the ___________ increases arithmetically.
o This would lead to overpopulation and ultimately __________ and population decline.
o Nature imposes ______, like disease, war, poverty and famine to keep populations from
exploding.
Therefore ……….
o Misery and _______ are the inevitable consequences of the laws of nature.
o Individuals, charities and governments should not _________ to help the poor.
David Ricardo
o In his Principles of Political Economy, Ricardo explains his “Iron Law of Wages” –
Iron Law of Wages
o Population growth means more workers; more workers means lower wages; wages fall below
subsistence level and starvation leads to lower population.
o Lower population leads to higher wages; higher wages leads to more food and higher population
and the cycle repeats.
o Trying to raise wages and _____________ just makes things _____.
Political Liberalism
o Liberals believed in the protection of civil liberties and the basic rights and ________ of all
people.
o These rights should be protected by a _______ constitution.
Ministerial Responsibility
o Many liberals believed that the state ministers should be responsible to ___________ rather than
the King.
o Most liberals believed in only _______ suffrage.
o Liberalism was very much a philosophy of the industrial, __________________ who sought to
share power with the landed aristocracy.
o Liberals were not _________.
John Stuart Mill
o In his work __________, Mill wrote the quintessential treatise on the liberal philosophy of
individual rights.
o In his work On the Subjection of Women, he espoused the concepts of ____________ for
women.
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Nationalism
o A political and cultural movement in which the ____________ is regarded as paramount for the
realization of social, economic, and cultural aspirations of a people.
o Nationalism is characterized principally by a feeling of _________ among a people, based on
common descent, language, and religion.
o The growing movement of nationalism in nineteenth-century Europe was fundamentally
_______ since it encouraged people to shift their political loyalty away from kings.
o The forces of nationalism were opposed by _____________ who feared that the unification of
countries of Germany and Italy would upset the balance of power.
o They also fought against such national groups, as the __________ would have upset the status
quo by breaking up the Austrian Empire.
Utopian Socialism
o The early theories of socialism were based on the ideas that ___________ was superior to
competition and that equality must be introduced into social conditions.
o The utopians were against ________________ and the competitive spirit of the industrial
revolution
The Utopian Socialists
o Henri de saint-Simon believed society should be a cooperative community run by the elite
______________ and _____________ making government obsolete.
Charles Fourier
o Charles Fourier, worked out detailed plans for cooperative communities called
"_____________”
o Although his plans remained untested he best characterized the utopian socialists of the first half
of the nineteenth century.
Robert Owen
o Was a wealthy Scottish wool manufacturer that turned the factory town of New Lanark, Scotland
into a thriving community.
o When he tried to establish a cooperative community in the U.S. called New Harmony it failed.
Louis Blanc
o Frenchman Louis Blanc in his work The Organization of Work denounced competition and urged
government involvement in the creation of _____________________.
Flora Tristan
o The French socialist, Flora Tristan in her work __________________ demanded the absolute
equality of the sexes.
Revolution and Reform
1830 – 1850
Another French Revolution
o King Charles X (Brother of Louis XVIII) fearing the growing power of liberals in France passed
a series of laws in 1830 called the _______________.
The July Ordinances
o The laws imposed rigid press __________, dissolved the legislative assembly and _______ the
electorate.
The July Revolution
o Reactions were swift and violent with __________ and fighting in the streets of _____.
o Moderate liberals appealed to _______________the duke of Orleans and Charles was forced to
abdicate.
The Bourgeois King
o Louis-Philippe dressed and acted the part of the upper ____________ king.
o He ignored the call for increased _________ and failed to bring about reforms that would
alleviate the poverty of the working class.
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o Louis-Philippe cooperated with François Guizot and the Party of Resistance who felt that France
had reached the “____________.”
o With the ignoring of the poor and the middle class movement of Adolphe _______ Party of
Movement, the stage was set for further revolution in France.
Neutral Belgium
o Belgian Nationalists resisted the rule of the House of Orange and in 1830 the Great Powers
agreed to the establishment of the Kingdom of _______ under _______ of Saxe-Coburg.
Italy and Poland
o Nationalist rebellions in Italy and Poland in the same year were brutally _______ by the forces of
Austria and Russia.
Reform in Great Britain.
o In 1830 the Whigs gained power in Parliament.
o The July Revolution in France became a catalyst for ______ in Great Britain.
The Reform Act
o Disenfranchised 56 rotten boroughs and enfranchised 42 new towns giving the new __________
urban areas some voice in government.
o The bill retained substantial ________ qualifications and so only benefited the upper middle
class of the “monied, manufacturing, and educated elite.”
The English Poor Law of 1834
o This new reform law was based on the theory that if the conditions for state welfare were
intentionally made miserable and degrading, then the poor would be __________ to find
profitable employment.
Repealing the Corn Laws - 1846
o Another piece of liberal legislation involved the ______ of the Corn Laws
o Manufacturers Richard Cobden and John Bight formed the Anti-Corn Law League to help
workers _____ bread prices.
o The middle class manufactures favored the end of the Corn Laws on the principles of
__________ and laissez-faire.
o The middle class was satisfied by these reforms and England _______ the next round of
revolution that was about to sweep across Europe.
The Revolutions of 1848.
o The ____________ order continued to dominate the continent, despite the revolutions in France,
Belgium and Greece.
o In 1848, a series of _______ revolutions swept through Europe, beginning in France.
Another French Revolution
o An economic _________ in France beginning in 1846 brought great hardship to the working
classes.
o _________ of the workers in Paris were unemployed by the end of 1847.
o Louis Philippe’s scandal ridden government continued to refuse to make reforms, such as the
expansion of suffrage to the ____________.
o Political opposition to Louis-Philippe’s government began to grow under the leadership of
Adolphe ______.
o Since political rallies were illegal, liberals used ________ to call for reforms.
o When the government outlawed the Grand Banquet in February of 1848, the __________ went
up again in the city of _____.
o The rebellion forced Louis-Philippe to ________ by the end of February and he fled the country.
The Provisional Government
o A provisional government was created including such radical liberals as the Utopian Socialist
Louis _____.
o The new government called for a national assembly to create a new constitution based on
_________________ suffrage.
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The National Workshops
o Blanc helped establish a worker’s ____________ compensation program called National
Workshops.
o The program quickly became a major economic ______ to the government.
General Elections
o The elections were a repudiation of the _______ republicans who only gained 100 out of the 800
seats in the Assembly.
o The ____ of the National Workshops led the moderates to close them down in June.
The June Days
o The closing of the workshops led to _____ in the streets, which took on an air of _____ warfare,
with the lower class workers attacking the middle class bourgeoisie.
o The street fighting was ended after four days of bloodshed – thousands were killed and 11,000
prisoners were deported to Algeria in Africa.
The Second Republic
o The new constitution was ratified in November of ____ – creating a unicameral legislature of
750 members elected by _________ _______ suffrage.
o A _________ was to be elected for four years – also by universal manhood suffrage.
President Bonaparte
o The winner of the presidential election was Charles Louis Napoleon _________ the nephew of
Napoleon Bonaparte.
o Within four years President Bonaparte would become _______ Napoleon III.
Revolutions in Central Europe.
o News of the revolution in France caused an explosion of _________ throughout Central Europe.
German Rebellions
o _______ destroyed the textile machinery they thought were stealing their jobs.
o ________ looted and burned the manor houses of nobility in Germany.
o The revolts led many German rulers to begin _______ reforms.
o Prussian King Frederick William IV _________ censorship and agreed to a new constitution and
to work towards the ___________ of Germany.
The Frankfurt Assembly
o The German states each sent representatives elected by universal manhood suffrage to an allGerman Parliament to meet in _________ with purpose of creating a constitution for a united
Germany.
o The mostly upper ____________ assembly declared itself to be the government of all of
Germany then broke down in controversy over the ___________ of the new German state.
Big Germany vs. Small Germany
o Supporters of a ____________ wanted a “big” Germany, that would include the German
provinces of Austria.
o The ____________ favored excluding Austria and making the Prussian King the Emperor of
Germany.
o The problem was solved when Austria withdrew but the Kleindeutsch solution failed as well
when Prussian King Frederick William IV _______ to be Emperor and disbanded the assembly.
The Hungarian Revolt
o News of the French revolt led to a ___________ uprising in Hungary against the Hapsburgs of
Austria.
o The upper middle class Hungarians, led by Louis _______, sought to gain “commonwealth”
status within the Austrian Empire.
Metternich’s Downfall
o Violent _____ in Vienna, Budapest and Prague led to the dismissal of Metternich, who then fled
into exile abroad.
o Revolutionaries in ______ seized the capital and called for the election of a national assembly.
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o The new liberal government agreed to Hungary’s demands a separate assembly, national army
and _____________.
o The ______ in Bohemia then began to call for their own government.
Conservative Backlash
o The conservatives played on the fears of the middle class of _____ warfare and used the army to
brutally _____ the Czech uprising.
o In October 1848, the Minister of War was killed by a mob in Vienna.
o The ____ now moved on Vienna and by December the radicals had been _______ and the
Emperor Ferdinand I had abdicated in favor of his brother ______________ I – who would rule
until 1916.
Crushing the Hungarian Revolt.
o The Austrian armies, aided by 140,000 Russian troops sent by Tsar Nicholas I, were able to
_____ the Hungarian revolt in 1849.
o The Austrian revolution failed and the ____________, autocratic government continued to rule.
Revolts in Italy.
o The leader of Italy’s ____________ (resurgence) movement was Giuseppe _______, the founder
of the Nationalist organization _____ _____.
o Mazzini was involved with the _________ secret societies but quit and became a leading
advocate of nationalism in Europe.
o _______ rebellions broke out all over Italy in 1848, beginning in Sicily and soon spreading
throughout the peninsula.
o Lombardy and Venice broke from _______ and became a republic.
o ____ was taken from the Vatican and was declared a republic with Mazzini as its leader.
o The King of ________ led an army against the Austrians, but failed in his invasion of Lombardy.
The Failures of 1848
o The liberal governments were ___________ and by 1849 Austria had regained its Italian
territories
o The French sent an army to liberate Rome, which under the leadership of Giuseppi _________,
was able to hold out for 30 days against overwhelming odds.
o In the end only Piedmont kept its liberal constitution.
o Why were the liberal revolts so successful at first but then failed so quickly?
Order rules the day…
o The unity that brought about the success of the revolts was quickly lost to ideological fighting
over the ______ of democratic reform.
o Concern over _______________ led many moderate middle class liberal to pull back from the
radicals over the issue of universal manhood suffrage.
A failure over autonomy
o ____________ such as the Hungarians that fought for their own independence refused to agree to
the independence of groups such as the Slovenes, Croats and Serbs.
o The _________ were able to play one national group against the other.