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Introduction to the course • Why English for Academic Purposes? • What is the importance of English in our writing? • Purpose of this course. Objectives of the course • Understand the importance of grammar • Learn rules, structure and function of grammar • Understand the structure and parts of sentence • Learn the techniques to identify and rectify grammatical mistakes • Enhance students’ English Language competency Outcomes of the course • Write error-free sentences • Compose well-organized coherent paragraphs • Develop fluency and accuracy of English language • Use a variety of vocabulary words in real-life situations Assessment • Quiz 10 marks • English creative writing 10 marks • Mid-term paper 20 marks • Reflective log 10 marks • A Corridor to English 20 marks • Final paper 30 marks Class Rules Do’s Be Punctual Be attentive Be innovative Share your ideas Take part in discussion Do your work in time Formal Dressing Don’ts Do not laugh at others Do not make fun of others Do not waste your time in waste activities Do not quarrel Do not waste your time in roaming the university Diagnostic Test Time allowed : 30 Mints Parts of speech Objectives • To identify different Parts of Speech • To learn about different types of nouns, pronouns and adjective • To use appropriate nouns, pronouns and adjective in their writing. Eight parts of speech • The 8 “building blocks” of the English language: Noun • A noun is a word that describes a person, place, a thing, or an idea. – Examples: • Persons: teacher, students, book • Places: country, Lahore, city • Things: chair, table, pen, • Ideas: courage, freedom Types of Noun • Common noun • Proper noun • Abstract noun • Concrete noun • Countable and uncountable noun • Collective noun • Possessive noun Common Noun • A common noun describes a person, place and thing. • For example: city, country, town, boy Proper Noun Proper nouns name a particular person, place, thing, or idea and begin with a capital letter. Example: Ali, Pakistan, London, Lahore, etc Abstract Noun An abstract noun names ideas, feelings, or qualities. They cannot be physically touched. Examples: sorrow , loss Concrete Noun • A concrete noun names a material thing, person, or place. It is something that can be physically touched. • Examples: Book, table, car, etc Countable and Uncountable Noun • Countable Noun: It can be singular or plural. It can be counted. Ex. Ships, cars, books, etc • Uncountable noun: it is neither singular nor plural. We cannot count it. Ex. Water, milk, butter, music, etc Collective Noun Collective nouns name a group or collection of people, places, things or ideas. They are considered one unit and so they are singular. Examples: The staff includes professionals and nonprofessionals. The group of students is standing in line. Possessive Noun The possessive form of a noun shows ownership or relationship. Example: Ali’s book Noun Rule Possessive • Singular: family of bird : bird’s family • Plural: colour of eggs: eggs’ colors • Plurals not ending in -s:hat of men: men’s hats Place of Noun in a Sentence • As a Subject • As a Object • As Direct Object and Indirect Object • As Object of the Preposition Noun as Subject • Noun comes in subject where there is a person, place, thing, idea. • Examples: Freedom should not be taken for granted. Ali and Aslam wanted to attend the lecture. The students are solving the activity. Noun as Object • Object is the receiver of the action. Examples: Ali reads book. Many countries are presenting plans. Noun as Direct and Indirect Object • As Direct Object: (Wrote what?) Examples: Maria wrote a check. She gave me a candy. • As Indirect Object: (Wrote to whom?) Examples: Maria wrote Jose a check. She gave me a candy. NOUN as Object of a Preposition A Noun that follows a preposition is called the object of the preposition. Example: The cat wanders in the house. Activity Identify types of noun • • • • • • • • • • 1. Always speak the truth. 2. Honesty is the best policy. 3. King Solomon was famous for his wisdom. 4. A committee of five was appointed. 5. We saw a fleet of ships in the harbour. 6. He gave me a bunch of grapes. 7. London is on the river Thames. 8. Cleanliness is next to godliness. 9. Wisdom is better than riches. 10. Winston Churchill was one of the greatest Prime Ministers of England. Noun Johnny Grammar Answers Solution of the Activity • 1. truth: abstract noun • 2. honesty: abstract noun, policy: abstract noun • 3. King: common noun, Solomon: proper noun, wisdom: abstract noun • 4. committee: collective noun • 5. a fleet: collective noun, ships: common noun, harbour: common noun • 6. a bunch: collective noun, grapes: common noun • 7. London: proper noun, river: common noun, Thames: proper noun • 8. cleanliness: abstract noun, godliness: abstract noun • 9. wisdom: abstract noun, riches: abstract noun • 10. Winston Churchill: proper noun, Prime Ministers: common noun, England: proper noun Common Errors of Noun • Incorrect: I would like to buy some furnitures. Correct: I would like to buy some furniture. • Incorrect: Have you got any informations? Correct: Have you got any information? • Incorrect: Have you packed your luggages? Correct: Have you packed your luggage? • Incorrect: Is there any breads? Correct: Is there any bread? OR Are there any loaves? Explanation: Nouns like scenery, furniture, news, information, luggage and bread are always used in the singular. They do not have a plural form. Continued • Incorrect: He told these news to me. Correct: He told me this news. Explanation: The noun news is only used in the singular. So, we cannot use these before news. When a verb (e.g. told) takes two objects, we prefer to put the indirect object (e.g. me) before the direct object (e.g. this news). Note that the indirect object is usually a person as in the above example. • Incorrect: The government should pay attention to the problems of the poors. Correct: The government should pay attention to the problems of the poor. • Incorrect: He provided the blinds with food. Correct: He provided the blind with food. Explanation: Expressions like the poor, the dead, the blind, the unemployed are always plural. You don’t have Home task of Noun After this, teacher will instruct the students that they will solve the exercises at home. 76 page and exercise (1), 79 page and exercise (1 & 3) 80 page and exercise (3 & 4) at home. Pronoun, types and its errors What is a Pronoun? • A pronoun is a word that is used in place of a noun or another pronoun. • Like a noun, a pronoun can refer to a person, place, thing, or idea. • The word that a pronoun refers to is called its antecedent. • For Example: Maria was lost. She didn’t panic. She checked the flashlight. It still worked. Types of Pronoun • Interrogative Pronoun • Demonstrative Pronoun • Reflexive Pronoun • Indefinite Pronoun • Personal Pronoun What is an Interrogative Pronoun? • An interrogative pronoun is used to introduce a question. • The interrogative pronouns are who, whom, what, which, and whose. • For Example: Who used up all the water? Whose cup is this? What is a Demonstrative Pronoun? • A demonstrative pronoun points out a person, place, thing, or idea. • The demonstrative pronouns-this, that, these, and those-are used alone in sentences. • For Example: That is a circuit breaker. This is our emergency shelter. Those are electrical appliances. These are bottles of water. What is a Reflexive Pronoun? • A pronoun that ends in self or selves is a reflexive pronoun: myself, ourselves, yourself, yourselves, herself, himself, itself, and themselves. • A reflexive pronoun refers to the subject and directs the action of the verb back to the subject. • A reflexive pronoun is always an object (never a subject) in a sentence. • For Example: The Carson family tried to lift themselves out of poverty. Ben Carson dedicated himself to becoming a doctor. What is an Indefinite Pronoun? • An indefinite pronoun does not refer to a specific person, place, thing, or idea. • Indefinite pronouns often do not have antecedents. • For Example: Nothing lasts forever. Anyone can make a time capsule. List of Indefinite Pronouns… Singular another anybody anyone anything each either everybody everyone everything Plural much neither nobody no one nothing one somebody someone something both few many several Singular or Plural all any most none some List of Personal Pronouns… Type of Pronoun Subject Object Possessive Singular First Person Second Person Third Person I you he, she, it me you him, her, it my, mine your, yours his, her, hers, its Plural First Person Second Person Third Person we you they us you them our, ours your, yours their, theirs Errors of pronoun • Aslam is a boy. He is a student (not they are student). • Aslam and Ali are studying. They are friends ( not he is friend). • Use of It Objects without life: Ex. Here is book. Take it away. For statement: Ex. It is Ali who passed the exams For emphasis: Ex. It is a fact that poverty is increasing. For unknown sex: Ex. The child is playing. It is creating noise. For rain or thunder: It rains. Or It snows. Errors of Relative Pronoun • Who: for living: I saw a boy who was going. • Which: For non-living: There was an old tree which was full of leaves. • That: both for living and non living: Let’s practice 1 Kris went to the game. ____ brought her little brother with her. Answer Kris went to the game. She brought her little brother with her. 2 Randy left ____ baseball glove at home. Answer Randy left his baseball glove at home. 3 _____ left a book on the playground. Answers Someone left a book on the playground. 4 _____ pair of shoes belongs to James? Answer Which pair of shoes belongs to James? Pronoun Activity in Booklet Time allowed: 05 minutes Last night I/me went out to play with a friend. We/us played jump rope and chased spiders before the moon came out. Mine/My mother came out to find me/my. When her/she found I/me my mother told me/I it was time for bed. When I/me said goodbye to my friend her/she told me us/we would play again tomorrow. Solution of the activity • Last night I/me went out to play with a friend. We/us played jump rope and chased spiders before the moon came out. Mine/My mother came out to find me/my. When her/she found I/me my mother told me/I it was time for bed. When I/me said goodbye to my friend her/she told me us/we would play again tomorrow. Pronoun Johnny Grammar Home task of Pronoun • After this, teacher will instruct the students that they will solve following exercises at home. • Page 98 and exercise (1 & 2) • Page 99 and exercise (1 & 3) • Page 100 and exercise (1 & 3) What is going on in this picture? Possible answers ??? • The magnificent butterfly is on the flower. • There is an orange flower. • It is a beautiful and attractive picture. • It depicts natural beauty. • The butterfly with the colorful wings seems lovely. • One butterfly flys quietly beneath the tree. Adjective • It is used before a noun and after linking verb • Before noun: A new car has been launched. (Attributive) • After linking verb: Ali is rich. (Predicative) Adjective in academic writing • To add in the meaning of noun to clarify or to stress. Ex. Intelligent boy, candid statement Types of Adjective • Comparative Adjective • Superlative Adjective • Demonstrative Adjective • Indefinite Adjective • Interrogative Adjective Comparative and superlative • Simple degree: Ex. He is wise • Comparative: Two equal things: er and Than Ex. Ali is wiser than Aslam. • Superlative: One person with class, country or world: est and the Ex. Ali is the wisest boy. Degrees of adjective Activity of Comparative (BC) • Complete the sentences by entering the correct form of these adjectives in the gaps: big | cheap | cold | fat | good | loud | old | small | young. 1. As you get older policemen seem to be younger 2. As more people arrived the crowd got _________ 3. As the plane flew higher the houses below got __________. 4. As we travelled north from Glasgow the temperature got ___________. 5. As we argued more in the market, the price got ____________. 6. As the opera reached the end, the music got ____________. 7. My memory gets worse as I get ______________. 8. As we eat more we get _______________. 9. If I practice regularly I get _____________. Solution of the Activity • Complete the sentences by entering the correct form of these adjectives in the gaps: big | cheap | cold | fat | good | loud | old | small | young. 1. As you get older policemen seem to be younger. 2. As more people arrived the crowd got bigger. 3. As the plane flew higher the houses below got smaller. 4. As we travelled north from Glasgow the temperature got colder. 5. As we argued more in the market, the price got cheaper. 6. As the opera reached the end, the music got louder. 7. My memory gets worse as I get older. 8. As we eat more we get fatter. 9. If I practice regularly I get better. Johnny Grammar Comparative Adjective Video Activity of Superlative Make true sentences using these adjectives in the superlative form: dry | expensive | fast | high | long | old | rich | tall. 1. Rhodium is the _________ metal. 2. Everest is the __________ mountain in the world. 3. The Atacama Desert is the __________ place on Earth. 4. The first-born son or daughter is the ____________ child in the family. 5. The Burj Khalifa is the __________ structure in the world. 6. The cheetah is the ___________ land animal. 7. The Bang Na Expressway is the __________ road bridge in the world. 8. Carlos Slim is the ____________ man in the world. Solution of the Activity Make true sentences using these adjectives in the superlative form: dry | expensive | fast | high | long | old | rich | tall. 1. Rhodium is the most expensive metal. 2. Everest is the highest mountain in the world. 3. The Atacama Desert is the driest place on Earth. 4. The first-born son or daughter is the eldest child in the family. 5. The Burj Khalifa is the tallest structure in the world. 6. The cheetah is the fastest land animal. 7. The Bang Na Expressway is the longest road bridge in the world. 8. Carlos Slim is the richest man in the world. Johnny Grammar Superlative Adjective Video Demonstrative Adjectives • Demonstrative adjectives point out a noun. • They are the same words as the demonstrative pronouns. • There are four demonstratives: this that these those Indefinite Adjectives • Indefinite adjectives point out nouns. • They often tell “how many” or “how much” of something. • List of indefinite adjective: all, any, another, both, each, either, few, little, many, more, most, much, neither, one, other, several, some Interrogative Adjectives • Interrogative adjectives are used to ask questions. • Three of them were also interrogative pronouns: which what whose Position of adjective • Either on subject or object before noun I saw an old tree • It can be used as complement He is wise. Activity in Booklet Identify adjective in the following paragraph Scary monsters are found everywhere. Some are frightening and some are strange. There are enormous, hairy monsters, and small, fuzzy monsters. Some are imaginary, like angry trolls that live in dark, damp caves or under old, wooden bridges. Others live in dense, overgrown forests and eat slimy, disgusting food. Monsters can be green, red, or black. Solution of the activity Scary monsters are found everywhere. Some are frightening and some are strange. There are enormous, hairy, and small monsters. Some are imaginary, like angry trolls that live in dark, damp caves or under old, wooden bridges. Others live in dense, overgrown forests and eat slimy, disgusting food. Monsters can be green, red, or black. Activity- 2 Describe picture by using adjective Discussion in the class Home task After this, teacher will instruct the students that they will solve the exercise at home. • Page 104 and exercise (1 & 2) • Page 107 and exercise (2 & 3) Mind your language • Season 1, episode 1 (The First Lesson). • Teacher will show episode 1 completely (23 minutes) and discuss with the students the problems and motivate student that they can learn English. English 900 Volume 1 • Unit1, Lesson 1 • Teacher will assign the role to two students to perform dialogue and solve the activity of lesson 1. Home work • 1. Thomson and Martinet book for reading for further detail: Reading of noun p. 24, pronoun p.75 and adjective p.33 • 2. Watch season 1 episode 1 complete because there will be reflection of students’ idea in coming class • 3. Revise and solve English 900, Unit1, lesson1 exercises at home. THANK YOU