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Outline for Unit 4 Test
Geology Rocks!
Main Idea: The Earth is always changing. Some of those changes
occur slowly over a long period of time, but other changes occur
very quickly.
Vocabulary: Study the words below for the test.
Continental drift
Matter
Physical change
Igneous rock
Convection current
Tectonic plate
Weathering
Erosion
Pangaea
Mass
Chemical change
Sedimentary rock
Fault
Plate boundary
Physical weathering
Evaporation
What You Need To Know For the Test:
Glacier
Volume
Rock cycle
Metamorphic rock
Earthquake
Fold
Chemical weathering
Condensation
1. Matter is anything that has mass and volume (takes up space).
2. In a physical change, the form or the appearance of matter
changes, but the matter does not change into a different kind of
matter. Some physical changes can be reversed.
3. Water can change physically from one state to another:
a. Solid to liquid  melting
b. Liquid to gas  evaporation
c. Gas to liquid  condensation
d. Liquid to solid  freezing
4. In a chemical change, substances react with one another, and
new substances are formed. For example, iron reacts with
oxygen gas in the air to produce a new substance called rust.
5. Signs of a chemical change:
Signs
Examples
Color changes
Baking bread
New substance present
Rust, smoke
Odor changes
Burning toast, decaying food
Gas bubbles produced
Vinegar and baking soda
Light, sound, or heat produced
Fireworks
6. The process of weathering breaks down rocks to form
sediment.
7. Erosion is the process that moves sediment. The three agents
of erosion are water, wind, and ice (or glaciers).
8. The interior of Earth is hot. Convection currents in the mantle
cause tectonic plates to move. This causes earthquakes,
volcanic eruptions, and the creation of mountain ranges.
9. The continents formed one large supercontinent called
Pangaea that existed 250 million years ago. Evidence includes:
shapes of continents fitting like puzzle pieces and the same
fossils and rocks found in different continents.
10. Rocks are classified by how they form. The three types of
rocks are igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic:
a. Igneous rocks – made from heat (magma)
b. Sedimentary rocks – made from pressure (sediments are
deposited, compacted, and cemented together)
c. Metamorphic rocks – made from heat and pressure
The rock cycle shows how rocks are formed and how they change
over time. (You should know how to read the rock cycle below!)