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Transcript
BASIC HORTICULTURE – NOTES WEEK #8 FLOWERS and FRUITS EXAM #2 – Give exam HAND BACK LAB SHEETS – ASSIGNMENTS MICROSCOPE COMPETENCY – AM only FLOWERS (Look at overhead on Magnoliaphyta) Magnoliopsida – DICOTS Liliopsida – MONOCOTS FUNCTIONS OF FLOWERS SEXUAL REPRODUCTION o 20-50% of plants ENERGY goes into sexual reproduction, this is a VERY IMPORTANT ACTIVITY o Uniting of MALE and FEMALE GAMETES to create OFFSPRING DIFFERENT than BOTH PARENTS Mixing GENES creates GENETIC DIVERSITY GREATER GENETIC DIVERSITY = GREATER CHANCE that offspring will have BETTER ABILITY to SURVIVE ABILITY to SURVIVE depends on potentially GREATER ADAPTIBILITY to the ENVIRONMENT To AID SEXUAL REPRODUCTION flowers have ADAPTED to do TWO things well: o ATTRACT POLLINATORS (insects and birds) to insure success in POLLINATION and hopefully FERTILIZATION o PRODUCE FRUIT to PROTECT SEED and insure SEED DISPERSAL PARTS of a FLOWER – MORPHOLOGY (Show overhead) 4 – PARTS o ACCESSORY PARTS SEPALS PETALS o ESSENTIAL PARTS for reproduction STAMENS PISTIL(S) SEPALS – Outermost layer of the flower o Normally GREEN and LEAFY o Enclose bud for PROTECTION o All together called CALYX PETALS – Next layer inside sepals o Usually COLORED o To ATTRACT POLLINATORS o Collectively called the COROLLA MONOCOTS – 3’s, DICOTS – 4’s and 5’s REGULAR – radial symmetry Example: Cosmos, Fuchsia IRREGULAR – bilateral symmetry Example: Pansy, Orchid, African violet PERIANTH – SEPALS and PETALS together o TEPALS – petals and sepals SAME SIZE and SHAPE Example: Tulips, Lilies STAMENS – MALE part of the flower o FILAMENT – STALK holding up the anther o ANTHER – produces the POLLEN o POLLEN – GRAINS containing the MALE GAMETES or GAMETOPHYTE PISTIL – FEMALE part of the flower o STIGMA – sticky landing platform for POLLEN o STYLE – stalk that holds up STIGMA o OVARY – base that encloses the OVULES o OVULES – contains unfertilized EGGS or FEMALE GAMETES or GAMETOPHYTE o CARPELS – Divisions of the Pistil into CHAMBERS FLOWER TERMS COMPLETE – contains ALL 4 PARTS INCOMPLETE – less than all 4 PARTS PERFECT – have the ESSENTIAL parts o STAMENS and PISTIL IMPERFECT – lacking the ESSENTIAL parts o STAMINATE flowers have STAMENS o PISTILLATE flowers have PISTIL(S) MONOECIOUS (“one house”) o STAMINATE and PISTILLATE flowers on the SAME plant (MALE and FEMALE flowers) Example: Birch, Corn, Squash DIOECIOUS (“two houses”) o STAMINATE and PISTILLATE flowers on SEPARATE plants (MALE and FEMALE plants) Example: Kiwi, Holly, Skimmia FLOWER ARRANGEMENT - INFLORESCENCES Flowers can occur SINGLY as in a Tulip, or in CLUSTERS of FLOWERS or FLORETS, we call these arrangements INFLORESCENCES INFLORESCENCE STRUCTURE o RECEPTACLE – stem tip bearing flower parts o PEDICEL (PEDICLE)– stalk for single flower or floret o PEDUNCLE – main stalk for inflorescence TYPES of INFLORESCENCES o INDETERMINATE – florets open from BOTTOM UP or OUTSIDE IN Length of stalk is INDETERMINATE because stalk continues to GROW as florets open o DETERMINATE – florets open from the TOP DOWN LENGTH of stalk is DETERMINED by the first flower OPENING at top o INDETERMINATE TYPES SPIKE – florets attached directly to stalk SPADIX – male flowers at top of spike, female at bottom CATKIN – spike with male or female flowers only RACEME – spike with pedicels or small stalks attaching to peduncle PANICLE – branched raceme CORYMB – unevenly elongated pedicels to form flat top UMBEL – equal length pedicels attached at one point to form flat top COMPOUND UMBEL – branched umbel HEAD – florets on disc RAY and DISC flowers o DETERMINATE SOLITARY – one flower on stalk CYME – like a raceme but flowering from top down COMPOUND CYME – branched cyme POLLINATION (Show model) POLLINATION – TRANSFER of POLLEN from ANTHER to STIGMA o SELF-POLLINATION – within the SAME FLOWER or PLANT o CROSS-POLLINATION – between two DIFFERENT PLANTS Cross-pollination is PREFERRED, because it creates more POSSIBILITY for GENETIC DIVERSITY Example: HYBRIDIZING is the deliberate CROSS-POLLINATION of plants to produce SUPERIOR TRAITS Plants ASSURE CROSS-POLLINATION by SELF INCOMPATIBILITY STIGMA doesn’t allow it’s own pollen to fertilize egg o RECOGNIZES pollen SHAPE o Or CHEMICALLY INCOMPATIBLE Generally it must be SAME SPECIES but a different plant to CROSS Example: Kale will not self pollinate SPATIAL SEPARATION of anthers and stigma STAGGERED TIMING – of pollen release and stigma RECEPTABILITY SELF- POLLINATION as last resort Flower brushes stigma against anther Example: Foxglove ATTRACTING POLLINATORS – INSECTS and BIRDS SOME FLOWERS are so REDUCED that they don’t attract pollinators because they are pollinated by WIND o o o o o o 10% of ANGIOSPERMS INCONSPICUOUS flowers produce lots of POLLEN NOT the most EFFECTIVE use of energy spreads offspring farther, GOOD for COMPETITION promotes CROSS POLLINATION Example: Grasses, Conifers, Some dicot trees – Beech, Oak, Elms, Hazels Providing NECTAR and POLLEN as FOOD is the PAYOFF for POLLINATORS o A form of MUTUALISM or CO-EVOLUTION ATTRACTANTS o COLOR – NECTAR GUIDES BEES – White, Yellow flowers (see UV light) HUMMINGBIRDS – Red flowers MOTHS – White, Pastel flowers (seen at night) o SCENT BUTTERFLIES and MOTHS – sweet nectar FLIES – meat smell, odiferous o SHAPE of FLOWER or INFLORESCENCE UMBELS or HEADS – small insects with short proboscis (nose) IRREGULAR flowers – BEES and INSECTS LONG TUBULAR flowers with NECTARIES at base - HUMMINGBIRDS CLUSTERS of flowers away from leaves – BATS FERTILIZATION (Show overhead) UNION of MALE GAMETE (sperm within pollen) with FEMALE GAMETE (egg within ovule) to form a ZYGOTE o POLLEN adheres to stigma and one nucleus (in TUBE cell) GROWS POLLEN TUBE into style, ovary and ovule (uses food and hormones of pistil to do this) o SPERM nucleus (in GERM cell) DIVIDES to form 2 NUCLEI One UNITES with EGG in OVULE to form ZYGOTE and eventually EMBRYO in seed One UNITES with 2 NUCLEI in OVULE to form the ENDOSPERM as a FOOD SOURCE for the developing EMBRYO EMBRYO + Endosperm + SEED COAT = SEED APOMIXIS o Development of seeds WITHOUT FERTILIZATION o Seeds IDENTICAL to parent (a CLONE) Example: Corn FRUITS As an OVULE is FERTILIZED by POLLEN this starts growth and transformation into a SEED Developing EMBRYO produces HORMONES inside the SEED that starts to develop the OVARY into a FRUIT FUNCTIONS of FRUIT PROTECT RIPENING SEED DISPERSAL of SEED o Important for SURVIVAL o Less COMPETITION away from the PARENT plant o SEED DISPERSAL METHODS WIND FINE SEED to blow WINGS to fly Example: Dandelion, Maple, Orchids o WATER FLOAT by trapping AIR in fruit structure, hard seed coat Example: Coconuts o ANIMALS FOOD - eating and excreting, also adds nutrients BARBS to travel on animal fur or clothing Example: Catchweed Bedstraw (weed) STICKY to travel on animals Example: Mistletoe o MECHANICAL Seeds PROPELLED away from plant Example: Impatiens, Violets CLASSIFICATION of FRUIT FRUIT - PERICARP STRUCTURE o EXOCARP – outer layer of developing OVARY wall o MESOCARP – middle part o ENDOCARP – inside of OVARY FRUIT DEVELOPMENT (Show overhead) o SIMPLE – one FLOWER with one PISTIL o AGGREGATE – one FLOWER with many PISTILS Example: Strawberry, Blackberry, Raspberry o MULTIPLE – WHOLE INFLORESCENCE with common PEDUNCLE fuses in to one FRUIT Example: Mulberry, Pineapple, Fig TYPES of FRUITS o SIMPLE – one FLOWER with one OVARY FLESHY – soft, fleshy, edible BERRY – soft throughout PEPO – berry with RIND HESPERIDIUM – berry with LEATHERY RIND and juicy segmented middle DRUPE – fleshy with stone POME – ovary and receptacle fused o DRY when ripe INDEHISCENT – does not split open ACHENE – one seed, seed coat not fused to seed SAMARA – winged achene Example: Maple, Elm NUT – achene with hard wall SCHIZOCARP – 2 or more achenes attached at one spot Example: Carrot, Dill, Parley GRAIN – one seed with coat fused DEHISCENT – splits when ripe FOLLICLE – splits along one side LEGUME – splits on two sides CAPSULE – splits along three or more sides SILIQUE – splits along two sides with a partition, longer than wide SILICLE – same as above, but as long as wide FLOWERING CONTROL and TIMING of FLOWER production in plants is important to SURVIVAL of the SPECIES in nature It’s CRITICAL to FLOWER at roughly the SAME TIME for POLLINATION, FERTILIZATION and FRUIT & SEED SET to occur Especially for CROSS-POLLINATED plants FACTORS affecting FLOWER GROWTH and DEVELOPMENT: MATURITY of the plant or RIPENESS to FLOWER PHOTOPERIODISM (response to length of daylight) VERNALIZATION (temperature response) THERMOPERIODISM MOISTURE AVAILABILITY during BUD SET MATURITY of the plant or RIPENESS to FLOWER o FLOWERING and FRUIT SEED production requires ENERGY o NET PHOTOSYNTHETIC PRODUCTION must be POSITIVE for GROWTH o To achieve this the plant must have: Adequate LEAVES for photosynthesis for vegetative and flower growth Adequate ROOTS for water and nutrient absorption, and anchorage for support Adequate STEMS for strength to support heavy flowers and fruit o Plants which BLOOM PREMATURELY do not have SUFFICIENT FOOD, WATER and NUTRIENTS, or SUPPORT for FLOWERS to produce a LARGE QUANTITY of SEEDS for SURVIVAL