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Transcript
Revision Test on Unit 3.1 War in Europe 3a Which of the following was the most important reason behind the rising tensions in international relations in the 1930s? Explain your answer. (i) Communism (ii) Great Depression of 1929 (iii) Territorial ambitions [12] L1 Writes about rising tensions in international relations but [1] without focus on the question Award 1m max. L2 Takes a stand and describes 1 or 2 factors [2-3] -Describes one factor and gives reason– 2m -Describes at least 2 factors with reasons– 3m Introduction E.g. The fear of Communism was the most important reason behind rising tensions in the 1930s, and explains the hostility that the Western Powers felt towards Communist USSR. 2m E.g. Even though the fear of Communism and territorial ambitions did help to increase tensions in international relations, it was the Great Depression of the 1930s that gave rise to and accentuated these two factors, and is thus the most important factor behind the increasing hostility in international relations. L3 Explains one factor (either given or other factors) [4-5] Award 4m for an explanation of how the fear of Communism led to rising tensions in international relations. Additional mark for each supporting detail, up to maximum of 5 marks. Factor 1: Fear of Communism Point: The fear of Communism contributed to rising tensions between the Western powers (such as Britain, France and Germany) and the USSR. - It was the fear of Communism that explains why the Western powers were willing to give in to Hitler as the latter had made known his desire to destroy Communism. This can be seen in the Munich Conference in September 1938 where USSR had been kept out, while Britain, France Germany and Italy decided on the fate of Czechoslovakia. (4m) Example - This increased tensions between the Western Capitalist powers and USSR, as the latter felt that the former was giving a free rein to Germany in hope that it can be a strong buffer state against the spread of Communism. (5m) Analysis - Thus, the fear of Communism and the subsequent measures taken to combat this threat heightened the sense of suspicions and distrust between the West and East and led to rising tensions in international relations. Link OR Explanation of one alternative factor: 4- 5 Factor 2: Territorial Ambitions Point: Territorial ambitions by Italy and Germany also helped to heighten the tensions in international relations, as their aggressive foreign policy meant that they were willing to risk war to gain new land. - Germany’s remilitarization of the Rhineland in 1936 led to rising tensions with France, as Germany’s actions made the French feel like they were under threat. Hitler next sent his troops into Austria in 1938 and forced a political union upon her. His subsequent demands for Sudentenland in 1938 and the invasion of the whole of Czechoslovakia in March 1939, and invasion of Poland in September 1939, destabilized the fragile peace in Europe, and succeed in launching Europe into WWII. (4m) Example - Germany’s professed desire for living space and her willingness to use force to get her way contributed greatly to the rising tensions in international relations, as she succeeded in threatening the security of France and USSR, through the remilitarization of the Rhineland and the invasion of Czechoslovakia. Moreover her invasion of Poland brought tensions between Germany and Britain to the highest point as Britain had previously committed itself to defending Poland’s sovereignty, and thus issued an ultimatum to Germany to withdraw from Poland, failing which there would be war between Germany and Britain. (5m) Analysis - Therefore, German territorial ambitions did contribute largely to increasing the hostility between the great powers, and eventually led to the outbreak of World War II. Link OR Factor 3: Great Depression of 1929 Point: The Great Depression was an important long term factor in contributing to rising tensions in international relations. -The Great Depression that started in America led to severe repercussions in Europe, as loans made to Germany were recalled, and protectionism put in place whereby American demand for European goods dried up and led to mass unemployment in countries like Germany. This caused great discontentment amongst the people and led to the rise of Fascist governments in Europe, such as Germany, who were keen to embark on rearmaments as a way to expand their armies to execute their expansionary policies, and to alleviate the problem of unemployment and to boost the morale of the people. This was seen through Hitler’s 4 year plan 1936-1940, that featured rearmaments as a way to solve the problem of unemployment, and to increase German national pride. (4m) -This economic crisis was the underlying factor that led nations to safeguard their national interests at the expense of global security and interests, and thus contributed a great deal to worsening the relationship between countries, as national interests of various counties clashed, creating much tensions in Europe. L4 Award 6m for explanation of one factor and mentioning of one other factor Award 7m max for explanation of two factors: Max 7 L5 Award 9m max for explanations of the given factor AND 2 other factors. Award 10m for explanations of all 3 factors, all clearly linked to the topic. Differentiation of marks dependent on clarity and detail of explanation. [6-10] L6 L4 + Explain to what extent i.e. evaluate the relative importance [11-12] of the different factors leading to the outbreak of war in AsiaPacific. i.e. answers that show how some factors are contingent /dependent on others, or the different roles factors play (short-term, long term, etc.) In conclusion, I would argue that the Great Depression was the underlying and therefore most important factor, as it made the fear of Communism more real, and made an expansionary policy a useful tool to rally the fledging morale of the nation. The Great Depression saw the collapse of the American economy, and showed clearly that the system of Capitalism was flawed. This in turn made the Western Capitalist states even more fearful about Communism, as they were afraid that the communists may take advantage of this unstable situation to launch a take-over. Finally, the Great Depression had created serious internal economic problems, and thus led to some countries resorting to an expansionist foreign policy in order to divert the people’s attentions away from their internal problems.