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Plate Tectonics Study Guide (including earthquakes and volcanoes) What is the theory of plate tectonics? The theory that Earth’s crust is broken into large pieces that move and interact What was Pangea? What is the layer of the Earth that the plates move on? What does the theory of continental drift state? Who came up the Continental Drift theory? Alfred Wegener Where are volcanoes likely to form? Above subduction zones because of the ocean crust being pushed down and eventually melting. This melted magma finds its way up through fissures (cracks) in the Earth’s surface. Where do convection currents take place? Convection currents within the mantle drive plates to move in different directions. The convection currents are driven by the internal heat engine of the core. As the mantle is heated, the hot less dense liquid rises and the cool more dense liquid sinks creating movement within the mantle. What role do convection currents play in plate tectonics? Why does sea-floor spreading occur What are 3 pieces of evidence for Seafloor spreading? 1. __________________ - found rocks shaped like pillows, giving evidence of quickly hardened molten material 2. ________________ reversals (stripes) - shows a change in the Earth’s magnetic poles 3. __________________ (the further away from the ridge a sample was taken, the older the rock was) What is paleomagnetism? The study of Earth’s magnetic field What is the main factor that determines what type of collision occurs between 2 tectonic plates? DENSITY!! (Ex. A pound of Lead is denser than a pound of cotton) Why do oceanic plates always subduct under the continental plates? Because ocean plates are ______________________ What is the evidence that supports continental drift? 1. 2. 3. 4. 1 Scientists use earthquake waves to map the structure of the inside of the earth. Different waves act differently as they travel through different layers of the earth Scientists know that the outer core is liquid because Swaves do not travel through ______________ How do scientists know the inside of the earth is made up of layers? Identify: 1. Type of plate boundary 2. Direction of movement 3. Explain what land feature has been created. 1. 2. 3. Identify: 1. Type of plate boundary 2. Direction of movement 3. Explain what land feature has been created 1. 2. Plates are moving apart 3. Mid-ocean ridge has been formed Identify: 1. Type of plate boundary 2. Direction of movement 3. Explain what land feature has been created 1. Identify: 1. Type of plate boundary 2. Direction of movement 1. Explain what land feature has been created Identify: 1. Type of plate boundary 2. Direction of movement 3. A t____________ and ________________ (under water volcano) have formed. 2. Plates are _________________ 3. A ___________ and ___________ have formed __________________ oceanic to oceanic plates 2. Plates are ______________ 1. 2. Sliding ___________ each other 3. Explain what happens at this boundary. 1. ________________ - oceanic to continental plate 3. Identify the type of fault. ________________ are common. 1. 2. Identify the type of stress associated with this type of fault 2. Stress = 3. ________________ plate boundaries may cause normal faults (tension). 3. Identify type of boundary that may cause this type of fault. 2 1. Identify the type of fault. 1. 2. Identify the type of stress associated with this type of fault 2. Stress = _______________ 3. ________________ plate boundaries may cause 3. Identify type of boundary that may cause this type of fault. 1. reverse faults (compression). Identify the type of fault. 1. 2. Identify the type of stress associated with this type of fault 2. Stress = 3. Identify type of boundary that may cause this type of fault. 3. _______________ plate boundaries may cause strikeslip faults (shearing). What is an earthquake? Where do most earthquakes occur? Along all three types of plate boundaries (convergent, divergent, transform) What is the focus of an earthquake? What is the epicenter of an earthquake? What is a seismic wave? A vibration that travels through Earth carrying the _______________ released during an ______________ What do seismographs measure? Records ground movements Where does most of the damage from an earthquake occur? Near the ____________________ What is a volcano? A weak spot in the crust where ___________ has come to the ____________ Which type of plate boundary does not typically include volcanoes? What is a hot spot? An area where magma from deep within the mantle melts through the crust above it How did the Hawaiian Islands form? Lava erupted from the hot spot and built a ____________ island. The plate _______________ slowly and carried the island __________ from the hot spot. Another volcanic __________ formed and was carried away What is an island arc? Chain of volcanic islands that forms because of _____________________ at a _____________ boundary between two ____________ plates 3 Describe a P-Wave Primary Wave (Compression Wave) Travels phastest so it arrives at a seismic stations phirst Push-pull wave: rock vibrates forward and backward in the same direction that the wave travels Pass through solids, liquids (magma), and gasses Describe a S-Wave Secondary Wave- arrives at a seismic station second. Slow wave- not as fast as the P-wave. Shear Wave- vibrates _ (right angles) Solids wave- only travels through Solids. Fill in the chart. Primary Secondary Surface Waves (P-waves) (S-waves) (L-waves) Travel through solids Travel through liquids Fastest waves Slowest waves Cause most damage Here’s some websites for practice (also linked to www.mrsclinescience.weebly.com) Notebook pages used for this unit: pg 15-49 Layers and Formation of Earth: p. 19-23 Earth’s Magnetic Field: p.24 Seismic Waves: p. 25, 26, 28, 47, 48 Convection Currents: 27 Heat Transfer: 29 Rock Cycle: 30-33 Continental Drift/Seafloor Spreading Theories: 35-37 Plate Tectonics: p. 38-39, 42, 44 Volcano/Hot Spots/Hot Springs/Geysers: 41, 43, 45 Earthquakes/seismic waves: 46-49 http://www.quia.com/quiz/2017129.html (plate tectonics) http://www.glencoe.com/qe/science.php?qi=278n (plate tectonics) http://www.glencoe.com/qe/science.php?qi=274 (earthquakes) Flashcards: http://quizlet.com/31123017/plate-tectonicsflash-cards/ http://quizlet.com/31122674/earthquakesflash-cards/ 4