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Name: ____________________________________________ Human Body Tissues Levels of Organization 1. Cells Period: _____ Date: ____________ Four Major Tissues 1. Epithelial tissue- includes glands and tissues that cover interior and exterior body surfaces 2. Connective tissue- provides support for the body and connects its parts 3. Nervous tissue- transmits nerve impulses throughout the body 4. Muscle tissue- along with bones, enables the body to move Nervous System (Chapter 35-2 through 35-4) Labeling: Label the diagram of the brain, using the following terms: frontal lobe, parietal lobe, occipital lobe, temporal lobe, cerebral cortex, cerebellum, medulla, brain stem/spinal cord, pituitary, hypothalamus, and thalamus. Short Answer 1. What role does the nervous system play in the functions of the body? Controls and coordinates functions throughout the body and responds to internal and external stimuli 2. What is the function of a neuron? Neuron = nerve cell that carries messages throughout the nervous system 3. Compare the autonomic and somatic nervous systems. Peripheral Nervous System motor neurons Motor = transmits impulses from CNS to muscles and glands • Somatic = reflexes and voluntary activities • Autonomic = involuntary, such as changing heart rate Labeling Identify the parts of the neuron, using the following terms: dendrites, axon, myelin sheath, nodes, cell body, nucleus and axon terminals. Classifying Indicate each of the following functions as somatic or autonomic or both. 1. heart beating Autonomic Name: ____________________________________________ 2. turning a page Somatic Period: _____ Date: ____________ 3. chewing food Somatic 4. digesting food Autonomic Cranium (Skull) 5. breathing Both Skeletal System (Chapter 36-1) Directions: Label the following skeleton using these terms: pelvis, radius, cranium, metacarpals, femur, ulna, tibia, mandible, tarsals, sternum, rib, phalanges, humerus, clavicle, carpals, patella, vertebra, rib, fibula, and metatarsals. Mandible (jaw) Clavicle (collarbone) Sternum (breastbone) Humerus (upper arm) Rib The axial skeleton is the central part of the skeleton used to protect vital organs such as the brain, heart, and lungs. Vertebra (backbone) The appendicular skeleton is used for movement and includes the pectoral and pelvic girdle and the extremities attached to them. Pelvis Radius Ulna Carpals (wrist) Metacarpals (hand) Short Answer: Answer the following questions about the skeletal system. 1. What are the functions of the skeletal system? a. Framework and support b. Protection c. Storage 2. What types of tissues make up the skeletal system? Connective tissue Cartilage made of protein fibers Bone is formed during “ossification” when cartilage hardens 3. What are bones? A solid network of LIVING cells and protein fibers that are surrounded by deposits of calcium salts. 4. What is the advantage of spongy bone issue in the ends of long bones? The ends of the bone is where force is applied Spongy bone adds strength without adding mass 5. Which cells are produced in red bone marrow? Red blood cells carry oxygen Some white blood cells: Killer T cells and B cells (produce antibodies) Platelets help with blood clotting 6. What is a joint? A place where 2 bones meet 7. 7. Describe the 3 types of joints a. Immovable joints (fixed) i. Example: bones of skull b. Slightly moveable joints Phalanges (fingers) Femur (thigh) Patella (knee cap) Tibia Fibula Tarsals (ankle) Metatarsals (foot) Phalanges (toes) Name: ____________________________________________ Period: _____ Date: ____________ i. Example: joints between vertebrae c. Freely moveable joints i. Examples: Shoulder, Knee, Elbow, Hand 8. Describe the 4 types of freely movable joints: Ball and socket ,pivot, saddle and hinge Tendons are connective tissues that join muscle to bone. Ligaments are connective tissue that holds bones together at a joint. Muscular System (Chapter 36-2) Short Answer: 1. What are the 3 types of muscles and their function? Smooth: involuntary contractions, example: Muscles of the digestive system contract as food is digested, Cardiac: Heart, circulates blood, involuntary contractions Skeletal: attached to bones, voluntary contractions 2. Explain the statement: “Most skeletal muscles work in opposing pairs.” (Use Page 931.) As one muscle contracts, another muscle relaxes. See Page 931 in the textbook. 3. What connects skeletal muscles to bones? (See Skeletal notes.) • Tendon = connective tissue that joins muscle to bone • Ligament = connective tissue that holds bones together at a joint Identify Identify the type of muscle. Smooth Cardiac Integumentary System (Chapter 36-3) Labeling Label the diagram of the skin. • Structures: – Skin, hair, and nails • Functions: – Protect against injury, infection, and fluid loss – Helps regulate body temperature (homeostasis) Short Answer 1. What are the functions of sebaceous glands and sweat glands? Skeletal Name: ____________________________________________ Period: _____ Date: ____________ Sebaceous- secrete sebum (oil) to lubricate Sweat- secrete sweat to cool and excrete wastes 2. You cut your arm and it begins to bleed. Which layer of skin must have been penetrated for the cut to begin bleeding? The epidermis and the dermis (blood vessels) 3. What is the function of melanin? Melanin protects the body by absorbing ultraviolet radiation from the sun. 4. What are the two functions of integumentary system? Humidity must be low enough to allow sweat to evaporate. If your sweat cannot evaporate, you will not cool down. 5. How does the humidity of the air around you affect how well your skin cools your body? Reduces the ability for sweat to evaporate and cool the body Digestive System (Chapter 38-2) Labeling and Explaining Label the organs of the digestive system and describe each organs function. Use the following terms: pancreas, gallbladder, large intestine, rectum, salivary glands, small intestine, stomach, mouth, esophagus, liver and pharynx. Short Answer 1. What are two functions of the digestive system? a. Breakdown (digestion) of foods into simpler molecules b. Absorption of simple molecules into blood for use by cells of the body 2. What is the difference between mechanical and chemical digestion? Mechanical Digestion: – Muscle contractions move food • Mouth through the digestive system – Chew food • Esophagus, Stomach, Intestines Chemical Digestion: Name: ____________________________________________ Period: _____ Date: ____________ • Mouth • Small intestine – Salivary glands produce enzymes – Enzymes break down food • Stomach – Microvilli absorb food – Food mixed with acids 3. What is the route food takes through the body? Mouth esophagus stomach small intestine large intestine rectum anus 4. How are the internal intestines’ structures, called villi, adapted to absorb food? These villi increase the surface area of the intestines hundreds of times. The villi also contain capillaries that absorb nutrients. 5. Describe two diseases of the digestive system. • Heartburn- caused by acid reflux from stomach back into esophagus • Ulcers- caused by bacteria • Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) Excretory System (Chapter 38-3) Labeling and Explaining Label the parts of the excretory system and describe their function. Use the following terms: bladder, ureter, urethra, and kidneys. Short Answer 1. Explain the function of the kidneys in maintaining homeostasis in the body. a. Homeostasis = process of maintaining a stable internal environment i. Kidneys filter the blood to remove waste (sugars, amino acids, salts, drugs) ii. Maintains water and salt balance in the blood iii. Maintains blood pH 2. Approximately how long does it take the kidneys to filter all the blood in the body? a. About 45 minutes. b. Your blood passes through the kidneys 300 times a day. c. Every day the kidney sends about six cups of urine to the bladder. d. The kidney has one million nephrons that filter the blood 3. Explain what a kidney stone is made from and how sounds can be used to alleviate the pain of kidney stones. a. Kidney stones are made of calcium, magnesium, and uric acid salts b. Ultrasound waves break the stone into smaller fragments that can pass out of the body Excretory System Problems: (Not in your notes) Name: ____________________________________________ Period: _____ Date: ____________ Urinary Tract Infections • Urine does not normally contain bacteria. • Bacteria can enter the urinary tract from the skin around the rectum and genitals by traveling up the urethra into the bladder. • The bacteria can infect and inflame the bladder and cause swelling and pain in the lower abdomen and side. • If the bacteria travel up through the ureters to the kidneys, a kidney infection can develop. Dialysis • Uses a machine to filter blood when the kidneys do not work Nocturnal Enuresis • Bedwetting at night due to inability to sense the bladder is full when they are sleeping Respiratory System (Chapter 37-3) Labeling Label the diagram of the respiratory system. Short Answer 1. What are the functions of the respiratory system? a. For gas exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the blood, the air, and tissues b. Speech 2. What part of the brain controls breathing? Medulla oblongata (The lowest part of the brain, connected to the spinal cord) 3. How does emphysema affect the respiratory system? Emphysema is a disease characterized by difficult breathing. It destroys the alveoli and disrupts gas exchange 4. How does the diaphragm aid in breathing? The diaphragm is a large, flat muscle that enlarges the chest cavity when lungs inflate. Name: ____________________________________________ Period: _____ Date: ____________ 5. Explain how the respiratory and the circulatory system work together to respond to your body’s needs during exercise. • You breathing rate increases to bring more oxygen to your body. • Your heart rate increases so oxygen is carried throughout the body via your blood faster. This also increases the rate that the CO2 waste is removed from your body. • Oxygen is needed for aerobic cellular respiration. If there is not enough oxygen, lactic acid fermentation will occur. Drawing Conclusion Illustrate the capillaries in the alveoli and show how gas exchanges. CO2 waste O2 to body Describe the process of gas exchange. Inhaled O2 leaves the alveoli and CO2 waste enters the alveoli for exhalation. Circulatory System (Chapter 37-1) The circulatory system can simply be diagramed in a box, like below. We will complete this together and then you will label the real parts at the bottom of the page. Name: ____________________________________________ Period: _____ Date: ____________ Labeling Label the parts of the heart. Use the following terms: pulmonary vein, bicuspid valve, ventricle (right, left), superior vena cava, aorta, pulmonary artery, and tricuspid valve. Completion Complete the outline tracing the pathway of blood through the heart. 1. A large vein called the superior vena cava brings the blood from the upper part of the body to the heart, where it enters the right atrium. 2. The blood is pumped out of the right atrium into the right ventricle. 3. Travels through the pulmonary artery to the lungs,where it picks up oxygen. 4. From the lungs, blood travels through the pulmonary veins and returns to the heart, where it enters the left atrium. 5. Finally, the blood is forced from the left ventricle into the aorta, which carries it to the tissues of the body. Short Answer 1. What are the major components of blood? a. Red blood cells: Transport oxygen to the body via hemoglobin b. White blood cells: Part of immune system, fight infection c. Platelets: Involved in blood clotting d. Plasma: Fluid portion of blood (90% water, 10% dissolved substances) 2. What are the 3 types of vessels and their function? a. Veins: blood vessels that return blood to the heart b. Arteries: blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart to the body tissues c. Capillaries: smallest blood vessels; bring nutrients and oxygen to tissues and absorb carbon dioxide and waste products Name: ____________________________________________ Period: _____ Date: ____________ 3. What might happen if a blood clot forms inside in the circulatory system and lodges in a major blood vessel? Heart attack: lack of oxygen to the heart Stroke: lack of oxygen to the brain Tissue damage: due to lack of oxygen 4. The only vein that carries oxygenated blood is the pulmonary vein and the only artery that carries deoxygenated blood is the pulmonary artery. Endocrine System (Chapter 39-1) Labeling Label the diagram of the endocrine system and list its major function. Use the terms: thyroid, testes, pituitary, pancreas, ovaries, parathyroid, thymus, and pineal. Short Answer 1. What is a hormone? Hormones are chemical messengers carried by the blood from endocrine glands where they are produced to the cells upon which they act. • Some effects of hormones include: – regulation of growth, metabolism, and the immune system – preparation for a new activity such as fighting, fleeing, or mating – preparation for a new phase of life such as puberty, caring for offspring, or menopause – controlling the reproductive cycle 2. What is the relationship between a hormone and a target cell? Use a specific example to explain your answer. • Target cells are the cells that are influenced by the hormones. Name: ____________________________________________ Period: _____ Date: ____________ Reproductive System (Chapter 39-3) Labeling Label the female and male reproductive system and state each part’s function. Function: Produce ova (eggs) and prepare the body to nourish a developing embryo Function: Produce and deliver sperm Labeling Label the drawing of a sperm with the following structures: head, tail, nucleus, and midpiece. Name: ____________________________________________ Period: _____ Date: ____________ Interpreting Graphics Use the diagram to answer the following questions. LH is luteinizing hormone and FSH is follicle stimulating hormone. 1. What occurs when the hormone LH peaks? Ovulation 2. What days on the chart show the menstruation phase? Days 1 - 5 3 In humans, fertilization occurs in the oviduct or fallopian tube 4. The fusion of the egg and sperm results in the formation of a zygote