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Name: ____________________________________________
Human Body Tissues
Levels of Organization
1. Cells
Period: _____ Date: ____________
Four Major Tissues
1.
Epithelial tissue- includes glands and tissues that cover interior and exterior body surfaces
2.
Connective tissue- provides support for the body and connects its parts
3.
Nervous tissue- transmits nerve impulses throughout the body
4.
Muscle tissue- along with bones, enables the body to move
Nervous System (Chapter 35-2 through 35-4)
Labeling:
Label the diagram of the brain, using the following
terms: frontal lobe, parietal lobe, occipital lobe,
temporal lobe, cerebral cortex, cerebellum, medulla,
brain stem/spinal cord, pituitary, hypothalamus, and
thalamus.
Short Answer
1. What role does the nervous system play in the
functions of the body?
Controls and coordinates functions throughout the body and responds to internal and external stimuli
2. What is the function of a neuron?
Neuron = nerve cell that carries messages throughout the nervous system
3. Compare the autonomic and somatic nervous systems.
Peripheral Nervous System motor neurons
 Motor = transmits impulses from CNS to muscles and glands
• Somatic = reflexes and voluntary activities
• Autonomic = involuntary, such as changing heart rate
Labeling
Identify the parts of the neuron, using the
following terms: dendrites, axon, myelin
sheath, nodes, cell body, nucleus and axon
terminals.
Classifying
Indicate each of the following functions as
somatic or autonomic or both.
1. heart beating Autonomic
Name: ____________________________________________
2. turning a page Somatic
Period: _____ Date: ____________
3. chewing food Somatic
4. digesting food Autonomic
Cranium (Skull)
5. breathing Both
Skeletal System (Chapter 36-1)
Directions: Label the following skeleton using these terms:
pelvis, radius, cranium, metacarpals, femur, ulna, tibia, mandible,
tarsals, sternum, rib, phalanges, humerus, clavicle, carpals,
patella, vertebra, rib, fibula, and metatarsals.
Mandible (jaw)
Clavicle (collarbone)
Sternum (breastbone)
Humerus (upper arm)
Rib
The axial skeleton is the central part of the
skeleton used to protect vital organs such as the
brain, heart, and lungs.
Vertebra (backbone)
The appendicular skeleton is used for
movement and includes the pectoral and pelvic
girdle and the extremities attached to them.
Pelvis
Radius
Ulna
Carpals (wrist)
Metacarpals (hand)
Short Answer:
Answer the following questions about the skeletal system.
1. What are the functions of the skeletal system?
a. Framework and support
b. Protection
c. Storage
2. What types of tissues make up the skeletal system?
 Connective tissue
 Cartilage made of protein fibers
 Bone is formed during “ossification” when cartilage
hardens
3. What are bones?
A solid network of LIVING cells and protein fibers that are
surrounded by deposits of calcium salts.
4. What is the advantage of spongy bone issue in the ends of long
bones?
 The ends of the bone is where force is applied
 Spongy bone adds strength without adding mass
5. Which cells are produced in red bone marrow?
 Red blood cells
 carry oxygen
 Some white blood cells: Killer T cells and B cells (produce antibodies)
 Platelets
 help with blood clotting
6. What is a joint? A place where 2 bones meet
7. 7. Describe the 3 types of joints
a. Immovable joints (fixed)
i. Example: bones of skull
b. Slightly moveable joints
Phalanges (fingers)
Femur (thigh)
Patella (knee cap)
Tibia
Fibula
Tarsals (ankle)
Metatarsals (foot)
Phalanges (toes)
Name: ____________________________________________
Period: _____ Date: ____________
i. Example: joints between vertebrae
c. Freely moveable joints
i. Examples: Shoulder, Knee, Elbow, Hand
8. Describe the 4 types of freely movable joints: Ball and socket ,pivot, saddle and hinge
Tendons are connective tissues that join muscle to bone.
Ligaments are connective tissue that holds bones together at a joint.
Muscular System (Chapter 36-2)
Short Answer:
1. What are the 3 types of muscles and their function?
Smooth: involuntary contractions, example: Muscles of the digestive system contract as food is
digested,
Cardiac: Heart, circulates blood, involuntary contractions
Skeletal: attached to bones, voluntary contractions
2. Explain the statement: “Most skeletal muscles work in opposing pairs.” (Use Page 931.)
As one muscle contracts, another muscle relaxes. See Page 931 in the textbook.
3. What connects skeletal muscles to bones? (See Skeletal notes.)
• Tendon = connective tissue that joins muscle to bone
• Ligament = connective tissue that holds bones together at a joint
Identify
Identify the type of muscle.
Smooth
Cardiac
Integumentary System (Chapter
36-3)
Labeling
Label the diagram of the skin.
•
Structures:
– Skin, hair, and nails
•
Functions:
– Protect against injury, infection,
and fluid loss
– Helps regulate body temperature
(homeostasis)
Short Answer
1.
What are the
functions of
sebaceous glands and sweat glands?
Skeletal
Name: ____________________________________________
Period: _____ Date: ____________
Sebaceous- secrete sebum (oil) to lubricate
Sweat- secrete sweat to cool and excrete wastes
2.
You cut your arm and it begins to bleed. Which layer of skin must have been penetrated for the cut to
begin bleeding?
The epidermis and the dermis (blood vessels)
3.
What is the function of melanin?
 Melanin protects the body by absorbing ultraviolet radiation from the sun.
4.
What are the two functions of integumentary system?
 Humidity must be low enough to allow sweat to evaporate.
 If your sweat cannot evaporate, you will not cool down.
5.
How does the humidity of the air around you affect how well your skin cools your body?
 Reduces the ability for sweat to evaporate and cool the body
Digestive System (Chapter 38-2)
Labeling and Explaining
Label the organs of the digestive system and describe each organs function. Use the following terms: pancreas,
gallbladder, large intestine, rectum, salivary glands, small intestine, stomach, mouth, esophagus, liver and
pharynx.
Short Answer
1. What are two functions of the digestive system?
a. Breakdown (digestion) of foods into simpler molecules
b. Absorption of simple molecules into blood for use by cells of the body
2. What is the difference between mechanical and chemical digestion?
Mechanical Digestion:
– Muscle contractions move food
• Mouth
through the digestive system
– Chew food
• Esophagus, Stomach, Intestines
Chemical Digestion:
Name: ____________________________________________
Period: _____ Date: ____________
• Mouth
• Small intestine
– Salivary glands produce enzymes
– Enzymes break down food
• Stomach
– Microvilli absorb food
– Food mixed with acids
3. What is the route food takes through the body?
Mouth  esophagus  stomach  small intestine  large intestine  rectum  anus
4. How are the internal intestines’ structures, called villi, adapted to absorb food?
These villi increase the surface area of the intestines hundreds of times. The villi also contain capillaries
that absorb nutrients.
5. Describe two diseases of the digestive system.
• Heartburn- caused by acid reflux from stomach back into esophagus
• Ulcers- caused by bacteria
• Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD)
Excretory System (Chapter 38-3)
Labeling and Explaining
Label the parts of the excretory system and describe their function. Use the following terms: bladder, ureter,
urethra, and kidneys.
Short Answer
1. Explain the function of the kidneys in maintaining homeostasis in the body.
a. Homeostasis = process of maintaining a stable internal environment
i. Kidneys filter the blood to remove waste (sugars, amino acids, salts, drugs)
ii. Maintains water and salt balance in the blood
iii. Maintains blood pH
2. Approximately how long does it take the kidneys to filter all the blood in the body?
a. About 45 minutes.
b. Your blood passes through the kidneys 300 times a day.
c. Every day the kidney sends about six cups of urine to the bladder.
d. The kidney has one million nephrons that filter the blood
3. Explain what a kidney stone is made from and how sounds can be used to alleviate the pain of kidney
stones.
a. Kidney stones are made of calcium, magnesium, and uric acid salts
b. Ultrasound waves break the stone into smaller fragments that can pass out of the body
Excretory System Problems: (Not in your notes)
Name: ____________________________________________
Period: _____ Date: ____________
Urinary Tract Infections
• Urine does not normally contain bacteria.
• Bacteria can enter the urinary tract from the skin around the rectum and genitals by traveling up the
urethra into the bladder.
• The bacteria can infect and inflame the bladder and cause swelling and pain in the lower abdomen and
side.
• If the bacteria travel up through the ureters to the kidneys, a kidney infection can develop.
Dialysis
• Uses a machine to filter blood when the kidneys do not work
Nocturnal Enuresis
• Bedwetting at night due to inability to sense the bladder is full when they are sleeping
Respiratory System (Chapter 37-3)
Labeling
Label the diagram of the respiratory system.
Short Answer
1. What are the functions of the respiratory system?
a. For gas exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the blood, the air, and tissues
b. Speech
2. What part of the brain controls breathing?
Medulla oblongata (The lowest part of the brain, connected to the spinal cord)
3. How does emphysema affect the respiratory system?
Emphysema is a disease characterized by difficult breathing. It destroys the alveoli and disrupts gas
exchange
4. How does the diaphragm aid in breathing?
The diaphragm is a large, flat muscle that enlarges the chest cavity when lungs inflate.
Name: ____________________________________________
Period: _____ Date: ____________
5. Explain how the respiratory and the circulatory system work together to respond to your body’s needs
during exercise.
• You breathing rate increases to bring more oxygen to your body.
• Your heart rate increases so oxygen is carried throughout the body via your blood faster. This also
increases the rate that the CO2 waste is removed from your body.
• Oxygen is needed for aerobic cellular respiration. If there is not enough oxygen, lactic acid fermentation
will occur.
Drawing Conclusion
Illustrate the capillaries in the alveoli and show how gas exchanges.
CO2 waste
O2 to body
Describe the process of gas exchange.
Inhaled O2 leaves the alveoli and CO2 waste enters the alveoli for exhalation.
Circulatory System (Chapter 37-1)
The circulatory system can simply be diagramed in a box, like below. We will complete this together and then
you will label the real parts at the bottom of the page.
Name: ____________________________________________
Period: _____ Date: ____________
Labeling
Label the parts of the heart. Use the following terms: pulmonary vein, bicuspid valve, ventricle (right, left),
superior vena cava, aorta, pulmonary artery, and tricuspid valve.
Completion
Complete the outline tracing the pathway of blood through the heart.
1. A large vein called the superior vena cava brings the blood from the upper part of the body to the heart,
where it enters the right atrium.
2. The blood is pumped out of the right atrium into the right ventricle.
3. Travels through the pulmonary artery to the lungs,where it picks up oxygen.
4. From the lungs, blood travels through the pulmonary veins and returns to the heart, where it enters the
left atrium.
5. Finally, the blood is forced from the left ventricle into the aorta, which carries it to the tissues of the
body.
Short Answer
1. What are the major components of blood?
a. Red blood cells: Transport oxygen to the body via hemoglobin
b. White blood cells: Part of immune system, fight infection
c. Platelets: Involved in blood clotting
d. Plasma: Fluid portion of blood (90% water, 10% dissolved substances)
2. What are the 3 types of vessels and their function?
a. Veins: blood vessels that return blood to the heart
b. Arteries: blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart to the body tissues
c. Capillaries: smallest blood vessels; bring nutrients and oxygen to tissues and absorb carbon
dioxide and waste products
Name: ____________________________________________
Period: _____ Date: ____________
3. What might happen if a blood clot forms inside in the circulatory system and lodges in a major blood
vessel?
 Heart attack: lack of oxygen to the heart
 Stroke: lack of oxygen to the brain
 Tissue damage: due to lack of oxygen
4. The only vein that carries oxygenated blood is the pulmonary vein and the only artery that carries
deoxygenated blood is the pulmonary artery.
Endocrine System (Chapter 39-1)
Labeling
Label the diagram of the endocrine system and list its major function. Use the terms: thyroid, testes, pituitary,
pancreas, ovaries, parathyroid, thymus, and pineal.
Short Answer
1. What is a hormone?
Hormones are chemical messengers carried by the blood from endocrine glands where they are produced to
the cells upon which they act.
• Some effects of hormones include:
– regulation of growth, metabolism, and the immune system
– preparation for a new activity such as fighting, fleeing, or mating
– preparation for a new phase of life such as puberty, caring for offspring, or menopause
– controlling the reproductive cycle
2. What is the relationship between a hormone and a target cell? Use a specific example to explain your
answer.
• Target cells are the cells that are influenced by the hormones.
Name: ____________________________________________
Period: _____ Date: ____________
Reproductive System (Chapter 39-3)
Labeling
Label the female and male reproductive system and state each part’s function.
Function: Produce ova (eggs) and prepare the body to nourish a developing embryo
Function: Produce and deliver sperm
Labeling
Label the drawing of a sperm with the following structures: head, tail, nucleus, and midpiece.
Name: ____________________________________________
Period: _____ Date: ____________
Interpreting Graphics
Use the diagram to answer the following questions. LH is luteinizing hormone and FSH is follicle stimulating
hormone.
1. What occurs when the hormone LH peaks?
Ovulation
2. What days on the chart show the menstruation phase?
Days 1 - 5
3 In humans, fertilization occurs in the oviduct or fallopian tube
4. The fusion of the egg and sperm results in the formation of a zygote