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Word Definitions Secular Words Denotative is a direct specific meaning as distinct from an implied or associated idea & the totality of things to which a term is applicable especially in logic. (Denotative is specific and does not allow for interpretation) Connotative is something suggested by a word or thing & is the implication of a word or phase in addition to its literal meaning &, the suggesting of a meaning by a word apart from the thing it explicitly names or describes. (Connotative is less specific and therefore allows for greater interpretation) Deductive reasoning is reasoning from the general to the specific. Making a prediction based on a theory involves deductive reasoning. Inductive reasoning involves reasoning from the specific to the general. For example, drawing conclusions about all members of a category of concept based on only some of the members is inductive reasoning. _______________________________________________________________________ Basic Types of Reasoning In Logic, Deductive Reasoning is a process, of reasoning in which reasons are given in support of a claim. The reasons, or justifications, are called the premises of the claim, and the claim they purport to justify is called the conclusion. In a correct, or valid, deduction the premises support the conclusion in such a way that it would be impossible for the premises to be true and for the conclusion to be false. In Logic, Inductive Reasoning is a process, of drawing a conclusion in which the truth of the premises does not guarantee the truth of the conclusion. The process of drawing a conclusion about an object or event that has yet to be observed or occur, a speculated conclusion on the basis of previous observations of similar objects or events. _______________________________________________________________________ Reason Reasoning involves transforming information to reach a conclusion. generating arguments to reach a conclusion. It includes evaluating and Logical reasoning includes mental procedures that yield valid conclusions. Formal tasks have been developed that measure logical reasoning. Two such tasks are syllogisms and analogies. 1 Syllogisms are arguments made up of two propositions, called premises, and a conclusion based on these premises. They require deductive reasoning. For example, is the following reasoning valid? “All cats are animals.” All cats have four legs.” “Therefore, all animals have four legs.” No, the reasoning is not valid. There are some animals that do not have four legs. Analogies are a type of reasoning task that is always made up of four parts. The reasoning between the first two parts is same as the reasoning between the last two. Analogies require inductive reasoning. For example, “Light is to dark as summer is to _________.” Light is the opposite of dark; therefore, summer is the opposite of winter. _______________________________________________________________________ Philosophic Reasoning Reason is a way of thinking characterized by logic, analysis, and synopsis. It is often contrasted with emotionalism, which is thinking driven by desire, passion, or prejudice. Reason attempts to discover what is true and what is best. Reason often follows a chain of cause and effect, and the word "reason" can be a synonym for "cause". The concept of the word “reason,” is closely related to the concept of language. Our English word “reason” is derived from the French word “raison,” which is based upon the Latin word “ratio,” which is a translation of the Greek word “logic” which is the root for the Greek word “logos,” which is Greek for “word.” Logic is the study of the principles of valid inference and demonstration. The field of logic ranges from core topics such as the study of validity, fallacies, and paradoxes, to specialized analysis of reasoning using probability into the arguments involving causality. Form is central to logic. There are two forms of basic logic; formal and informal. Informal logic is the study of natural language arguments, of which the study of fallacies is especially important. The dialogues of Plato are a good example of informal logic. Formal logic is the study of inference with purely formal content, where that contact is made explicit. The works of Aristotle contain the earliest known formal study of logic. Symbolic logic is the study of symbolic abstractions that capture the formal features of logical inference and is divided into two branches; propositional logic and predicate logic. Mathematical logic is an extension of symbolic logic in other areas, in particular the study of model theory, proof theory, set theory, and recursion theory. Formal logic is often used as a synonym for symbolic logic. Among the valuable properties that logical systems can have are: Consistency, which means that none of the theorems of the system contradict one another. 2 Soundness, which means that the system’s rules of proof will never allow for a false inference from a true premise. If a system is sound and its axioms are true, then it’s theorems are also guaranteed to be true. Completeness, which means that there are no true instances in the system that cannot, at least in principle, be proved in the system. _______________________________________________________________________ The Pareto principle (also known as the 80-20 rule, the law of the vital few, and the principle of factor sparsity) states that, for many events, roughly 80% of the effects come from 20% of the causes. Business management thinker Joseph M. Juran suggested the principle and named it after Italian economist Vilfredo Pareto, who observed in 1906 that 80% of the land in Italy was owned by 20% of the population. It is a common rule of thumb in business; e.g., "80% of your sales come from 20% of your clients." _______________________________________________________________________ Determinations of Professional Conduct Fiduciary is a person who has a legal and ethical duty to act in the best interests of another person. Examples include an executor or a guardian. Duty of Care is a legal obligation (in tort law) on an individual requiring that they adhere to a reasonable standard of care while performing any acts that could foreseeable harm others. Nonfeasance is the failure to do what ought to be done. Misfeasance is performing an illegal act in an illegal or improper manner (such as, saying there is a fire in a public place. Free speech is a constitutional right and a legal act, but creating danger by generating fear through falsehood, is illegal). Malfeasance is wrongdoing or misconduct, especially by a public official. An example: a company hires a catering company to provide drinks and food for a retirement party. If the catering company doesn't show up, it's considered nonfeasance. If the catering company shows up but only provides drinks (and not the food, which was also paid for), it's considered misfeasance. If the catering company accepts a bribe from a competitor to undercook meat and give those present food poisoning, it's considered malfeasance. Malpractice is a type of tort in which the nonfeasance, misfeasance, or malfeasance of a professional, under a duty to act, fails to follow generally accepted professional standards, and that breach of duty is the proximate cause of injury to a plaintiff who suffers damages. This is an individual who has breached they are the fiduciary responsibility. 3 _______________________________________________________________________ Empathy vs. Symphony When you feel sympathy for someone you feel sorry for their pain. When you feel empathy you are feeling the pain too (normally having been there yourself). Sympathy: Acknowledgement of another's painful feelings. Empathy: Mutual feelings of pain between people. Empathy can only be felt when you have experienced the same as the person you are empathizing with....an example...if a parent loses a child but you have not...you can only sympathize with that person...if you have lost a child too you can then empathize with that person. Sympathy is an affinity, association, or relationship between persons or things wherein whatever affects one similarly affects the other (the key word here being similarly, meaning you've never experienced it so you can't know how they are feeling, your just assuming). Empathy is the action of understanding, being aware of, being sensitive to, and vicariously experiencing the feelings, thoughts, and experience of another of either the past or present without having the feelings, thoughts, and experience fully communicated in an objectively explicit manner; also : the capacity for this As both words contain the Greek root "path," they both deal with "feelings." Sympathy is "imagining someone's pain" and empathy is "feeling someone's pain." In both cases, you are relating to someone else, but those words are NOT synonyms! Sympathy is a much more common feeling because we are not as likely to have experienced the same difficult situation as someone else. For instance (thank God and knock on wood), I have never gone through chemotherapy, sent a loved one to war, etc., but I definitely feel sympathy for those who have. That's why "sympathy cards" exist and not "empathy cards." _______________________________________________________________________ Oxymoron is a self-contradictory word. Such as Jumbo shrimp, or icy hot, (Humorously: military intelligence, academic freedom, compassionate conservative, born again liberal, good man, inexpensive child, submissive wife, and giving husband) Reciprocity is the principle of sowing and reaping, a naturalistic belief. Syncretism is the mixing of beliefs that appose each other due to there very makeup. _______________________________________________________________________ 4 Theological Words Expositional Preaching is a form of preaching that is also referred to as systematic exposition, and a majority of the time covers a complete book of the Bible. It is known for expounding upon the meaning of a particular text or passage of Scripture. Expositional preaching is contrasted to topical preaching. Topical Preaching is a form of preaching that concentrates on a specific topic and references Scriptures covering the topic. Exegesis (Greek: "to lead out") involves an extensive and critical interpretation of the text. Exegetical study carefully considers the linguistics of the text. Linguistics is the scientific study of language, encompassing a number of sub fields. An important topical division is between the study of language structure (grammar), and the study of meaning (semantics). More simply understood, grammar is the structure of what something says; while semantics is the interpretation of what something means. Grammar encompasses: Morphology (the formation & composition of words) Syntax (the rules that determine how words combine into phrases & sentences) Phonology (the study of sound systems and abstract sound units) Semantics is: Devoted to the study of meaning; inherent at the levels of words, phrases, sentences, and even larger units of discourse (referred to as texts). Semantics considers the denotative usage (literal), and the connotative usage (figurative) inherent within expression. A formal semantic view restricts interpretations to being denotative, and regulates all connotative associations to pragmatics, but this distinction is in question. The degree to which the theorists ascribes to the literal-figurative distinction decreases as one moves from the formal semantic, semiotic, pragmatic, to the cognitive semantic traditions. Exegesis and hermeneutics are not interchangeable; the distinctions are: Exegesis is the interpretation and understanding of a text on the basis of the text itself, according to its linguistics, which is made up of two areas: grammar and semantics. Hermeneutic is a practical application of a certain method or theory of interpretation, often revolving around the contemporary relevance of the text in question. _______________________________________________________________________ 5 Major Divisions of Christian Theology The type or means by how one studies God is where the diversity comes in. The following are a few examples are: Exegetical Theology is based on biblical interpretation; this theology concerns the study of the Scripture text. This division includes the study of biblical languages, biblical archaeology, biblical introduction, biblical theology, and Bible hermeneutics. Biblical theology seeks to arrange systematically the truth revealed within the various periods of the Old Testament (such as the Mosaic period, the Monarchal period) and in the writings of the New Testament authors (such as the writing of John, the writings of Paul). Historical Theology is based on the history of doctrine thought; this theology traces the origin, development, and spread of true Christian religion together with its doctrines, institutions, and practices. It covers biblical history, church history, the history of missions, the history of doctrine, and the history of creeds and confessions. Systematic Theology is derived from exegetical and historical theology; this arranges the Bible’s teachings and man’s explanation of them in logical order under the heads of theological study. In addition to the systematic arrangement of doctrine, this division also includes Christian apologetics, polemics, and ethnics. Practical Theology consists of the practical applications of theology; this seeks to use that which is contributed by the other divisions of Christian theology in the salvation, sanctification, edification, education, and services of the gospels believer. This division comprises homiletics, church organization and administration, worship, Christian education, the work of missions, and pastoral theology. Biblical Theology is that branch of theological science which deals systematically with the historically conditioned progress of revelation as deposited in the Bible, it has four major characteristics. (Ryrie) 1) It is systematic. 2) It pays careful attention to the fact that revelation was embodied in history. 3) It concerns the progressiveness of revelation. 4) Its source of doctrine is the Bible. _______________________________________________________________________ Word Definitions - Theological Words Logos (Greek) means speech, word, reason, discourse, communication, expression, or doctrine (which means teaching). Logy (a derivative of Logos) means oral or written expression; or doctrine, or science (which means to know by studying). The suffix ”o“ stands for of, and the suffix logy for study; thus, ology added to a word means the study of that word. Angelology Is the study of angels. 6 Anthropology Is the study of man. Anthropomorphism Is describing human attributes to nonhuman things, using emotion type words or human characteristics in describing God’s motivations, actions, or His very being, (noun). Anthropomorphize is the verb. Antinomianism (Greek) anti (against) nomos (law), & refers to the doctrine that it is not necessary for Christians to preach and/or obey the moral law of the OT. Apodosis In linguistics, an apodosis is the main clause in a conditional sentence. For example in a sentence of the form, “If X, then Y”, the apodosis is Y (expressing the conclusion). A Protasis is the subordinate clause (the if-clause) in a conditional sentence. For example in a sentence of the form, "if X, then Y", the protasis is ... Apologetics Is a branch within theology that presents a defense concerning the validity of Christian as truth, and it’s doctrines as legitimate primarily in a deductive systematic manner. (Greek: apologia, “to make a defense”) Apostle "Sent with delegated authority" Appistamalology Is the study of how people come to Christ. Bibliology Is the study of the Bible. Christocentricity Is the fact that all Scripture are Christ centered (John 5:39). Christology Is the study of Christ. Christophanies Is the pre-incarnate appearances (O.T.) of Jesus. Cosmology Is the study of the universe in regards to causality, its ultimate cause. Demonology Is the study of demons. Devil "Slanderer" ("accuser of the brethren" Revelation 12:10) Ecclesiology Is the study of the church. Epistemology Is the study of knowledge, how we know things, its scope and limits. Eschatology Is the study of future prophetic events. Ethnology Is the study of cultures. 7 Etiology Is the study of the cause or origin of a disease. Etymology Is the study of the origin of words or linguistics. Exegesis Is an in-depth systematic examination of a text. (Greek: “to draw out”) Plain Meaning: Is the study of what the scripture means. Technically: In the process of exegesis, a passage must be viewed in its historical and grammatical context with its time/purpose of writing taken into account. This is often accommodated by asking: Who wrote the text, and who is the intended readership? What is the context of the text, i.e. how does it fit in the author's larger thought process, purpose, or argument in the chapter and book where it resides? Is the choice of words, wording, or word order significant in this particular passage? Why was the text written (e.g. to correct, encourage, or explain, etc.)? When was the text written? (Theopedia) ~ Exegetical Expositional Preaching Is A kind of preaching that expounds upon the meaning of a particular text . Plain Meaning: Is the study of what the scripture says. ~ Expository Existentialism Is all about how our actions have consequences that will affect us. Expiration "to suffer, or make up for, a wrongdoing" Faith “Taking God at His Word” Forgive “To remove a burden” Freely “Without a Cause” (Greek: dorean) ~ (John 15:3), a gift without reason. Grace “Unmerited Favor,” (Getting what is not deserved – something good). Guile “Deception” Hamartiology Is the study of sin. Heretical Is an opinion or doctrine held in complete opposition to an Orthodox position which undermines a foundational truth concerning an essential belief. Hermeneutics Is a branch of theology that deals with principles of in-depth (exegesis ~ see below), systematic examination in order to determine the intended meaning of a passage of Scripture through specific principles of interpretation. 8 Plain Meaning: is a study of the methods and techniques of biblical interpretation. ~ Hermeneutical Heterodoxy Is any opinion or doctrine at variances with what is considered an orthodox position, yet does not undermine a foundational truth concerning an essential belief. Heteropraxy Pertaining to people who do not follow the teachings of their religion. Homiletics Is the personal application of a passage of Scripture to the believer’s life. Immutable “Unchanging” Impute "To put on account" Iniquity “Twisted” Israelology Is the study of Israel (As God’s instrument) Judah "Praise" Just “The Standard of its Own Character, Absolute Righteousness.” Justify “Declared Legally Without Guilt,” as righteous, instantaneous. Logy Is Greek for "study" or "science." Love “Sacrificially Putting Someone Else First.” Lucifer "The morning star" ("son of the morning" ~ Isaiah 14:12) - an epithet of the planet Venus Mercy “Unmerited Favor,” (Not getting what is deserved – something bad). Omnipotent “All Powerful, Visible & Invisible.” Omnipresent “Existing Everywhere All at Once, Non-locality.” Omniscient “All Knowing” Ontological Argument Orthodoxy Is an argument for the existence of God based upon the meaning of the term God. Means: “Right Opinion,” or “Correct Thinking”, and is understood as the accepted or traditional historic Christian faith, made up of its doctrines. 9 Paterology (“Theology Proper”) is the study of God the father. Pelagianism Is the belief that there was no original sin, Adam didn’t fall, and man can work out his own salvation. Pharisee "A Separated One" Pneumatology Is the study of God the Holy Spirit. Prophet "one who speaks for another" ~ "interpreter" (As per Dr. William Smith [1884], "The English word, 'prophet' comes from the Greek prophetes (profetes) [G4396], which signifies, in classical Greek, one who speaks for another, especially one who speaks for a god, and so interprets his will to man; hence, it’s essential meaning is "an interpreter". The use of the word in its modern sense is "one who predicts" is post-classical. The larger sense of interpretation has not, however, been lost. In fact, the English word has been used in a closer sense"). Propitiation "Covering" (Greek: hilasterion), “the lid of expiation,” (Greek: epithema "a cover") from the Hebrew: kapporet (Exo. 25:10-22; Lev. 16:2; Heb. 9:2-10). It is the greatest word of love in Scripture, because it displays how far God would go to redeem man by covering man's sin. Sin cannot be simply forgotten, or just set aside. Sin is opposition to God and His Will, & cannot be tolerated. God's justice could not allow sin to go without punishment, man took himself out from under God's protection when he chose to NOT obey; because of his lack of faith in God (we obey because we trust God - it is only natural to obey God if we trust what He says - only a fool sticks his hand in fire after God has warned him of the harm, obedience is the natural fruit of faith. Faith should be our motivation, & it is our motivation that God is concerned with - obedience for the sake of obedience [such as Pharisees], can be manipulation, yet obedience because of faith sets up a relationship, which is what God wants), this is what Adam gave up, a relationship based upon faith. Being part of God's family means God protects & covers us; and after man's fall, this covering was withdrawn,* yet now through faith in Jesus' atoning death on the cross, having paid the price for our sin, we are adopted back into God's family, and made righteous by Christ's blood. God's covering of man's sin cost Him the most valuable thing in existence, the life of His Son. This is the price of our covering, & proof of God's love. (* God always protects His Own, which includes before they respond in faith, God is always the Master of His Creation, He is Supreme in all, thus His covering does not mean others are without protection.) Redemption "Freed by a ransom having been paid” (A market slave) (1 John 5:19; John 12:31; Eph 2:2,3; Col 2:14; Heb 2:14, 15; 1 Pet 1:18,19) Sanctification "To set aside" 10 Satan "Adversary," (Greek: satanas): from the verb (Hebrew: saTan): "to lie in wait" (herban ~ Job 1:6-12; 2:1-7) Semi-Pelagianism Is the belief that man did not totally fall, Adam didn’t fall all the way, and man can still work in his salvation. Sin “To miss the mark” (Greek: hamarthia [G266], is literally " missing the mark") Soteriology Is the study of salvation. Sovereign “Accountable only to Himself.” Teleology Is the study of the meaning, goal & purpose of the world. Tanach Is the Hebrew Scripture (OT), made up of the “Torah” (the “Law”), the “Prophets,” & the “Writings” (Hebrew: Tanakh) Theocracy Is a form of government which god is recognized as the civil ruler. Theodicy Is a system of natural theology aimed at seeking to reconcile divine justice (a good God) and allowing evil to exist (the existence of evil in the world). Theology Is the study of God (Greek: “Theos”). Theology Proper Is the study of the doctrine of God. Theonomy Is a system of natural theology that reconciles divine justice & evil in world. Theophany Is a theological term used to refer to either a visible or auditory manifestation of God. Torah Is a Hebrew title for the five books written by Moses. Literally: "the law", "the teachings or statutes." In the Greek the "Torah," is called the Pentateuch, meaning: "five" concerning Deuteronomy. Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, and Translation The act of conveying the meaning of a word in one language by producing the same meaning in another language. The primary goal is that of transmission of meaning only, not the word itself or the use of the original word alphabet; hence, the translation is not about spelling, but meaning. Transliteration The representation of letters from one language alphabet (written symbols) to another language alphabet. Whereas, translation deals with conveying meaning, transliteration has to do with reproducing words. Due to this, doing transliteration can become complicated. Wikipedia gives a good explanation as follows: "Transliteration is the practice of converting a text from one writing system into another, systematically. From an information-theoretical point of 11 view transliteration is a mapping from one system of writing into another, word by word, or ideally letter by letter. Transliteration attempts to use a one-to-one correspondence, and to be exact, so that an informed reader should be able to reconstruct the original spelling of unknown transliterated words. To achieve that objective, transliteration may define complex conventions for dealing with letters in the source script [which do not exist in the other language], which do not correspond with letters in a goal script. Transliteration is opposed to transcription, which specifically maps the sounds of one language to the best matching script of another language. Most systems of transliteration attempt to map the letters of the source script to the letters pronounced similarly in the goal script. [part of the problem is that many language alphabets do not have corresponding letters that match with other language alphabets], the Greek language is written in the 24-letter Greek alphabet, which overlaps with, but differs from, the 26 letter version of the Roman alphabet, in which English is written" (Wikipedia). An example of the problem can be seen as follows: In the Anglo-Saxon language there is a letter ∂ (it would be pronounced "eth" in English), which does not exist in Modern English. To transliterate this letter, we use the digraph <th>. Therefore, when we write out the Anglo-Saxon word, "∂aes," when it is transliterated, it would be thaes in English. Transgression “Crossing over the line” _______________________________________________________________________ Hebrew Aleph Bet Esau Goyim Kapporeth Shalom Tau Yacob א "Ox - First - Leader " (first letter of the Hebrew alphabet) "House" "Hairy" "Gentile - Nations " "Mercy Seat" "Peace" (last letter of the Hebrew alphabet) "Trips Others - Heel Catcher" ח (Tau) (Alph) ahyh (Was-Is-Will Be) - “I AM” ydvla El Shaddai – “The Almighty” xyvm Meshiach - “Messiah” 12 Yvw[ Yeshua – “Jesus” Ā-mēn Let it be so (is used in connection with what God has said, it is a word of faith [trust] in God) Yă-sh-ū-ă Jesus Ho-Meshiach The Messiah Yă-hō-sh-ūă Joshua Ho-mă-shē-ă The Messiah Nă-gēd The King (not Prince, used of King Saul, he never was a Prince) Jordan River of Judgement Mă-shē-ă Messiah Nă-gēd The King Ma-nī-hă-ĕl-ō-hēm Sons of God Nep-hĭl-ĭm The Fallen Ones Nŏff-ă-dŏm Daughters of Adam Shama-Yisra'el-Yhovah-'elohiym-Yhovah-'echad Hear O-Israel Lord God Lord One Bar & Ben Son (of) He-brew Crossed over (ones) _______________________________________________________________________ Greek Alpha Apekdechomai Charas Doulos (first letter of the Greek alphabet) "Eagerly Await" "Grace" "Bond Slave" 13 Dorean Eido Ethnos Harpazo Hilasterion Huios Kleronomeo Logion May Genoito Metochoi Omega Paidagogos Paulus Pneumatikos Praxis Psychikos Synergeo Teknon Tetelestai "Free Gift without a Cause" (John 15:3) "Receive – Notice – Discern - Discover" "Gentile - Nations" "Snatched - Caught up by force" "Lid of Expiration" "Adult Son" "Reward for Faithfulness" "Oracles - Divine Utterances - Promises" "Let It Be So" "Partaker" (Last letter of Greek alphabet) "Tutor – Guardian - Schoolmaster" "Least - Little" "Spiritual" "Deed" "Soulish" "Works Together" "Born One" "Paid in Full" Α Ω (Alpha) (Omega) Ēgō-I-mea I Am Jew Dusty One Dē-kĕ Judgement Logos-gē-isē-ō-mī Racked Mel-gib-son-ī Created Tetélestai (Tă-tĕl-ĕs-tă-ī) Paid in full. (KJV translates it, “It is finished”) Perspective is an ongoing topical series dealing with abstract thoughts, ideas, and insights form a conservative Christian mindset and meant as a catalyst of thought. Perspective is an outreach ministry of Faith Video Ministries Inc. You may contact us at our e-mail address: [email protected] 14