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KINGDOM PLANTAE TERMS
GAMETOPHYTE – in organisms undergoing alternation of generations, the
multicellular haploid form that mitotically produces haploid gametes that unite and
grow into the sporophyte generation
SPOROPHYTE – in organisms undergoing alte rnation of generation, the
multicellular diploid form that results from a union of gametes and that meiotically
produces haploid spores that grow into the gametophyte generation
ALTERNATION OF GENERATION – a life cycle in which there is both a
multicellular diploid form, the sporophyte, and a multicellular haploid form, the
gametophyte, characteristic of plants and some algae.
PROTONEMA – a mass of green, branched, one -cell-thick filaments produced by
germinating moss spores
RHIZOIDS – long tubular single cell or filament of cells that anchors bryophytes
to the ground. They are not composed of tissues, lack specialized conducting cells,
and do not play a primary role in absorption of water and minerals.
SETA – the elongated stalk of a bryophyte sporo phyte, such as in a moss
CAPSULE – the sporangium of a bryophyte
THALLUS – the simple body an alga, fungus, or nonvascular plant that lacks roots,
stems or leaves
ARCHEGONIUM – in plants, the female gametangium, a moist chamber in which
gametes develop
ANTHERIDIUM – in plants, the male gametangium, a moist chamber in which
gametes develop
ZYGOTE – a fertilized egg
GAMETANGIA – multicellular plant structures in which gametes are formed.
(female are called archegonia and male are called antheridia)
HOMOSPOROUS – a term referring to a plant species that has a single kind of
spore, which typically develops into a bisexual gametophyte ; occurs in nearly all
seedless plants
HETEROSPOROUS – a term referring to a plant species that has two kinds of
spore: microspores produced by the microsporangia that develop into male
gametophytes and megaspores produced from megasporangia that develop into
female gametophytes; occurs in most seed plants
MONOECIOUS “one house” – having male and female reproductive parts in
separate flowers or cones on the same plants
DIOECIOUS “two houses” – having male and female reproductive structures on
separate plants
SPOROPHYLL – a leaf specialized for reproduction
SPORE - in the life cycle of a plant or alga undergoing alternat ion of generations,
a meiotically produced haploid cell that divides mitotically, generating a
multicellular individual, the gametophyte, without fusing with another cell
SORUS (pl=sori): a cluster of sporangia on a fern sporophyll.
STROBILI – the technical term for clusters of sporophylls known commonly as
cones, found in most gymnosperms and some seedless vascular plants
MICROPYLE - a pore in the integument of an ovule
POLLEN GRAINS – the structures that contain the male gametophyte of seed
plants
OVULES – structures that develop within the ovaries of seed plants and contain
the female gametophyte
PARENCHYMA CELL – a relatively unspecialized plant cell type that carries out
most of the metabolism, synthesizes and stores organic products, and develo ps
into a more differentiated cell type
COLLENCHYMA CELL – a flexible plant cell type that occurs in strands or
cylinders that support young parts of the plant without restraining growth
SCLERENCHYMAL CELL – a rigid, supportive plant cell type usually la cking
protoplasts and possessing thick secondary walls strengthened by lignin at maturity
ROOT CAP – a cone of cells at the tip of a plant root that protects the apical
meristerm
APICAL MERISTEM - embryonic plant tissue in the tips of roots and in the bu ds
of shoots that supplies cells for the plant to grow in length
MERISTEM – plant tissue that remains embryonic as long as the plant lives,
allowing for indeterminate growth
CASPARIAN STRIP – a water-impermeable ring of wax in the endodermal cells of
plants that blocks passive flow of water and solutes into he stele by way of cell
walls
ENDODERMIS – the innermost layer of the cortex in plant roots; a cylinder one
cell thick that forms the boundary between the cortex and the vascular cylinder
CORTEX – ground tissue that is between the vascular tissue and dermal tissue in a
root or dicot stem
VASCULAR CYLINDER/STELE – the central cylinder of vascular tissue in a root
VASCULAR TISSUE – plant tissue consisting of cells joined into tubes that
transport water and nutrients throughout the plant body
XYLEM – vascular tissue consisting mainly of tubular dead cells that conduct most
of the water and minerals upward from the roots to the rest of the plant
VESSEL ELEMENT – a short, wide, water -conducting cell found it the xylem of
most angiosperms and a few nonflowering vascular plants
TRACHEID – a long, tapered, water-conducting cell that is dead at maturity and is
found in the xylem of all vascular plants
PHLOEM – vascular plant tissue consisting of living ce lls arranged into elongated
tubes that transport sugar and other organic nutrients throughout the plant
SIEVE TUBE ELEMENTS – cells that conduct dissolved sugar in the phloem of
flowering plants
SEED – an adaptation for terrestrial plants consisting of an embryo packaged along
with a store of food within a resistant coat
SEED COAT – a tough outer covering of a seed, formed from the outer coat of an
ovule. In a flowering, plants, the seed coat encloses and protects the embryo and
endosperm
COTYLEDON – a seed leaf of an angiosperm embryo. Some species have one and
others have two
ENDOSPERM – a nutrient-rich tissue formed by the union of a sperm cell with two
polar nuclei during double fertilization, which provides nourishment to the
developing embryo in angiosperm seeds.
FLOWER – in an angiosperm, a short stem with up to four sets of modified leaves,
bearing structures that function in sexual reproduction
ANTHER – in an angiosperm, the terminal pollen sac of a stamen, where pollen
grains with male gametes form
FILAMENT – the stalk of a stamen
PISTIL – a single carpel or group of fused carpels
CARPEL – the ovule-producing reproductive organ of a flower, consisting of
stigma, style, and ovary
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STIGMA – the sticky part of a flower ’s carpel, which traps pollen grains
STYLE – the stalk of a flower’s carpel, with the ovary at the base and the stigma
at the top
SEPAL – a modified leaf in angiosperms that helps enclose and protect a flower
bud before it opens
CALYX – the structure formed by the fused sepals
COROLLA – the structure formed by the fused petals
FRUIT – a mature ovary of a flower that protects dormant seeds and aids in their
dispersal
PERICARP – the thickened wall of a fruit
DICOT– a term used to refer to flowering plants that have two embryonic seed
leaves, or cotyledons.
MONOCOT - a term used to refer to flowering plants that have one embryonic
seed leaf, or cotyledon
CUTICLE – a waxy covering on the surface of stems and leaves that acts as a an
adaptation to pre vent desiccation in terrestrial plants.
MESOPHYLL – the ground tissue of a leaf, sandwiched between the upper and
lower epidermis and specialized for photosynthesis
STOMATA – pores in leaves through which carbon dioxide and oxygen are
exchanged
VEIN – a vascular bundle in a leaf
TEN PHYLA OF EXTANT PLANTS
BRYOPHYTES
PHYLUM HEPATOPHYTA – LIVERWORTS
PHYLUM ANTHOCEROPHYTA – HORNWORTS
PHYLUM BRYOPHYTA – MOSSES
VASCULAR PLANTS
SEEDLESS VASCULAR PLANTS
PHYLUM LYCOPHYTA – LYCOPHYTES (CLUB MO SSES, SPIKE
MOSSES, QUILLWORTS)
PHYLUM PTEROPHYTA – FERNS, HORSETAILS, WHISK FERNS
SEED PLANTS
GYMNOSPERMS :
PHYLUM GINGKOPHYTA – GINGKOES
PHYLUM CYCADOPHYTA – CYCADS
PHYLUM GNETOPHYTA – WELWITSCHIA, EPHEDRA, GNETUM
PHYLUM CONIFEROPHYTA – CONIFERS
ANGIOSPERMS :
PHYLUM ANTHOPHYTA – FLOWERING PLANTS