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Chapter and Topic of this Review Guide: Chapter 8: Memory Vocab Term Definition of Term Memory Learning over time by storing and retrieving information Putting information into memory Keeping information in the brain Taking information out of storage Very brief recordings of sensory information Memory that holds limited amounts of information for a brief amount of time before being stored or forgotten; lasts 7 + 2 seconds Unlimited, permanent memory storage A subpart of short-term memory that contains current, conscious auditory and visual information along with retrieved information Unconscious encoding of aspects of information, including space, time, and frequency Encoding that requires conscious effort Encoding Storage Retrieval Sensory memory Short-term memory Long-term memory Working memory Automatic processing Effortful processing Rehearsal Spacing effect Serial position effect Conscious repetition of information to keep it in the working/short-term memory or encode to storage Tendency for studies spaced out evenly over a long period of time to be better than cramming Tendency to remember the beginning and ends of things but not the middle Visual encoding Encoding of pictures Acoustic encoding Encoding of sounds Semantic encoding Encoding of meanings Imagery Mental picture Mnemonics Techniques to aid memory Chunking Organizing information into sensible, convenient units Iconic memory A brief memory of visual stimuli Echoic memory A brief memory of auditory stimuli Long-term potentiation Increase in synapse’s firing potential after brief, rapid stimulation A clear memory of a poignant event or moment Memory loss Flashbulb memory Amnesia Example You remember where the word you are trying to define was on the page You remember the definition of a word because you work to know what it truly means. In order to remember your classmate’s name, you repeat it several times in your head or aloud Studying for the Psych test for one hour each day for a week is better than cramming for 7 hours in one day You can remember the first few presidents and the last few presidents, but have trouble remembering those in the middle. A word flashed quickly to you is in capital letters. The word flashed quickly rhymes with ‘shame.’ Would the word fit into this sentence: The boys played a _______ of baseball. Visualizing a textbook when you read the word ‘textbook’ ROY G. BIV helps people remember the order and colors of the rainbow Turning 1776183019212010 into smaller pieces of info like 1776, 1830, 1921, and 2010 Remember a picture flashed quickly before our eyes Remember words or sounds from the past 3-4 seconds Remembering where you were when the planes crashed on 9/11 Forgetting your identity after a stressful situation Implicit memory/nondeclarative memory Explicit memory/declarative memory Hippocampus Recall Recognition Relearning Priming Déjà vu Mood-congruent memory Proactive interference A type of long-term memory, an unconscious recall of information A type of long-term memory, a conscious recall of information A part of the limbic system that deals primarily with explicit memory storage Retrieving previously learned information Simply identifying previously learned information A process that reduces the time spent learning material again Activating memory by using associations Sense of “experiencing this before” Tendency to recall events or experiences of moods similar to our current state Prior learning interfering with the recall of new information Learned skills, such as walking Learned facts, like the date of Independence Day Having to answer a short answer question on the test Having to choose the correct answer for a multiple choice question You are more likely to spell ‘hair/hare’ as h-a-r-e when an image of a rabbit is elicited first If you are currently depressed, you are incline to remember negative things and events more If you are learning both French and Spanish, but had the French test before the Spanish test and can no longer remember any Spanish You study for both your psych test and chem test, but study for the chem test first. After studying psych, you can no longer remember anything you previously studied about chem.. You repress a memory of being sexually abused as a child because that would interfere too much with your current life and well-being. By asking what time the two cars crashed into each other rather than simply hit each other, there is now a feeling that the cars were travelling faster because of word choice (‘crash’). You write a new, original song that’s not really original because it was unintentionally based on a song you’ve heard in the past Retroactive interference New information interfering with the recall of prior learning Repression A defense mechanism that gets rid of underlying sexual thoughts, feelings, and memories Misinformation effect Adding misleading information into one’s memory of an event Source amnesia Misattributing the source or context of an event Authors of Important Study Basic of What Was Done Lesson(s) learned from the study Hermann Ebbinghaus Tried to recall as many nonsense syllables as he could, and used repetition as a way to increase retention Elizabeth Loftus Used diction and framing of questions to manipulate memories of events Rehearsal is an effective tool for memory; the Ebbinghaus curve shows that the amount of information remembered depends on how much time one spends learning them; learning quickly = forgetting quickly The misinformation effect is prevalent and quite easy to do; revealed the malleability of memory