Download Memory

Chapter and Topic of this Review Guide:
Chapter 8: Memory
Vocab Term
Definition of Term
Memory
Learning over time by storing and
retrieving information
Putting information into memory
Keeping information in the brain
Taking information out of storage
Very brief recordings of sensory
information
Memory that holds limited amounts of
information for a brief amount of time
before being stored or forgotten; lasts 7
+ 2 seconds
Unlimited, permanent memory storage
A subpart of short-term memory that
contains current, conscious auditory
and visual information along with
retrieved information
Unconscious encoding of aspects of
information, including space, time, and
frequency
Encoding that requires conscious effort
Encoding
Storage
Retrieval
Sensory memory
Short-term memory
Long-term memory
Working memory
Automatic processing
Effortful processing
Rehearsal
Spacing effect
Serial position effect
Conscious repetition of information to
keep it in the working/short-term
memory or encode to storage
Tendency for studies spaced out evenly
over a long period of time to be better
than cramming
Tendency to remember the beginning
and ends of things but not the middle
Visual encoding
Encoding of pictures
Acoustic encoding
Encoding of sounds
Semantic encoding
Encoding of meanings
Imagery
Mental picture
Mnemonics
Techniques to aid memory
Chunking
Organizing information into sensible,
convenient units
Iconic memory
A brief memory of visual stimuli
Echoic memory
A brief memory of auditory stimuli
Long-term potentiation
Increase in synapse’s firing potential
after brief, rapid stimulation
A clear memory of a poignant event or
moment
Memory loss
Flashbulb memory
Amnesia
Example
You remember where the word you are
trying to define was on the page
You remember the definition of a word
because you work to know what it
truly means.
In order to remember your classmate’s
name, you repeat it several times in
your head or aloud
Studying for the Psych test for one
hour each day for a week is better than
cramming for 7 hours in one day
You can remember the first few
presidents and the last few presidents,
but have trouble remembering those in
the middle.
A word flashed quickly to you is in
capital letters.
The word flashed quickly rhymes with
‘shame.’
Would the word fit into this sentence:
The boys played a _______ of
baseball.
Visualizing a textbook when you read
the word ‘textbook’
ROY G. BIV helps people remember
the order and colors of the rainbow
Turning 1776183019212010 into
smaller pieces of info like 1776, 1830,
1921, and 2010
Remember a picture flashed quickly
before our eyes
Remember words or sounds from the
past 3-4 seconds
Remembering where you were when
the planes crashed on 9/11
Forgetting your identity after a
stressful situation
Implicit memory/nondeclarative
memory
Explicit memory/declarative memory
Hippocampus
Recall
Recognition
Relearning
Priming
Déjà vu
Mood-congruent memory
Proactive interference
A type of long-term memory, an
unconscious recall of information
A type of long-term memory, a
conscious recall of information
A part of the limbic system that deals
primarily with explicit memory storage
Retrieving previously learned
information
Simply identifying previously learned
information
A process that reduces the time spent
learning material again
Activating memory by using
associations
Sense of “experiencing this before”
Tendency to recall events or
experiences of moods similar to our
current state
Prior learning interfering with the
recall of new information
Learned skills, such as walking
Learned facts, like the date of
Independence Day
Having to answer a short answer
question on the test
Having to choose the correct answer
for a multiple choice question
You are more likely to spell ‘hair/hare’
as h-a-r-e when an image of a rabbit is
elicited first
If you are currently depressed, you are
incline to remember negative things
and events more
If you are learning both French and
Spanish, but had the French test before
the Spanish test and can no longer
remember any Spanish
You study for both your psych test and
chem test, but study for the chem test
first. After studying psych, you can no
longer remember anything you
previously studied about chem..
You repress a memory of being
sexually abused as a child because that
would interfere too much with your
current life and well-being.
By asking what time the two cars
crashed into each other rather than
simply hit each other, there is now a
feeling that the cars were travelling
faster because of word choice (‘crash’).
You write a new, original song that’s
not really original because it was
unintentionally based on a song you’ve
heard in the past
Retroactive interference
New information interfering with the
recall of prior learning
Repression
A defense mechanism that gets rid of
underlying sexual thoughts, feelings,
and memories
Misinformation effect
Adding misleading information into
one’s memory of an event
Source amnesia
Misattributing the source or context of
an event
Authors of Important Study
Basic of What Was Done
Lesson(s) learned from the
study
Hermann Ebbinghaus
Tried to recall as many nonsense
syllables as he could, and used
repetition as a way to increase
retention
Elizabeth Loftus
Used diction and framing of questions
to manipulate memories of events
Rehearsal is an effective tool for
memory; the Ebbinghaus curve shows
that the amount of information
remembered depends on how much
time one spends learning them;
learning quickly = forgetting quickly
The misinformation effect is prevalent
and quite easy to do; revealed the
malleability of memory