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Silicon on Insulator MOSFET Technology: Design and Evolution of the Modern SOI Fully-depleted MOSFET Presented By: Aniket A. Breed/ Dr. Marc Cahay Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering and Computer Science. Semiconductor Devices Laboratory 1 SOI – The technology of the future. Welcome to the world of Silicon On Insulator Highlights • • • Reduced junction capacitance. Absence of latchup. Ease in scaling (buried oxide need not be scaled). Compatible with conventional Silicon processing. Sometimes requires fewer steps to fabricate. Reduced leakage. Improvement in the soft error rate. • • • • Drawbacks • • • Drain Current Overshoot. Kink effect Thickness control (fully depleted operation). Surface states. • Semiconductor Device Modeling for VLSI 2 The Metal Oxide Semiconductor Field-Effect Transistor (MOSFET) In layman terms, MOSFET acts like a switch Semiconductor Device Modeling for VLSI 3 A Historical Perspective Moore’s Law • Number of Transistors on an integrated circuit chip doubles every 1.5 years. Semiconductor Device Modeling for VLSI 4 (Courtesy: Intel© Corporation) Motivation • Silicon-only planar transistors are fast approaching their scaling limit. • Short channel effects limiting scaling into sub nanometer regime. • Oxide thickness cannot be scaled down further, problems of tunneling. • Need to keep Silicon technology as the base technology while innovating future devices; cost is an important factor. • Performance and power dissipation need to be improved. • Smaller is faster !! Semiconductor Device Modeling for VLSI 5 MOSFET Scaling Trends Courtesy: Hewlett-Packard Labs Semiconductor Device Modeling for VLSI 6 Planar MOSFET Scaling (Short-Channel Effect) Lg = 0.35 m, Tox = 8 nm Lg = 0.18 m, Tox = 4.5 nm Short-Channel Effect Short-Channel Effect Lg = 0.10 m, Tox = 2.5 nm Lg = 0.07 m, Tox = 1.9 nm Semiconductor Device Modeling for VLSI 7 What After the Planar MOSFET (Alternative Approaches) Strained Silicon Approach • • Silicon grown on a layer of relaxed material like SiGe which has a near similar lattice constant as that of Silicon. Strain induced in Silicon results in an improvement in the mobility, hence results in faster devices. Semiconductor Device Modeling for VLSI Silicon-on-Insulator (SOI) Approach Silicon channel layer grown on a layer of oxide. Absence of junction capacitance makes this an attractive option. Low leakage currents and compatible fabrication technology. 8 Classification of SOI MOSFETs Conventional MOSFET Partially depleted SOI MOSFET Fully depleted SOI MOSFET • Silicon film thickness greater than bulk depletion width for a partially-depleted MOSFET and less than the gate depletion width for a fully-depleted MOSFET. • Partially depleted MOSFETs often plagued by KINK effects, fully depleted devices virtually free from such effects. • Partially depleted devices can be faster than fully depleted devices under certain operating conditions. Semiconductor Device Modeling for VLSI 9 Illustration of the “Kink” effect (Partially depleted structures) Partially depleted MOSFET Fully depleted MOSFET Kink effect is an intricate, yet undesirable phenomenon. Semiconductor Device Modeling for VLSI 10 Why Multi-Gate SOI MOSFETs ? • • • • Higher current drive better performance Prophesized to show higher tolerance to scaling. Better integration feasibility, raised source-drain structure, ease in integration. Larger number of parameters to tailor device performance Semiconductor Device Modeling for VLSI 11 IBMs FinFET / Double-Gate SOI (Nanoscale Device Research Group) Courtesy: IBM T.J. Watson Research Center, Yorktown Heights, NY Semiconductor Device Modeling for VLSI 12 UC Berkeley Results – FinFET/ Double Gate (2000-04) Gate Length = 30nm, Oxide thickness =2.1nm Gate Length = 30nm, Fin Width =20nm Gate Length = 20nm Semiconductor Device Modeling for VLSI 13 INTEL’s TriGate SOI (SSDM 2002) Highest ever performance reported for NMOS and PMOS devices on a single substrate !! Semiconductor Device Modeling for VLSI 14 INTEL TriGate Results (2002- till date) LG = 15nm Semiconductor Device Modeling for VLSI LG = 60nm, TSi = 36nm and WSi = 55nm 15 TSMC’s -gate Device (SSDM-2002) Semiconductor Device Modeling for VLSI 16 Research Work at TSMC (2002) Semiconductor Device Modeling for VLSI 17 Multi-Body Single-Gate Devices Front-View Body G A T E • Multi-Body Single gate devices an attractive option. • Increased current drive using a single gate. • Total current nearly equals the current thru one body multiplied by the number of body regions. • Fabrication feasibility. • Feasible for the Dual-Gate, Tri-Gate and -gate devices. Top-View Semiconductor Device Modeling for VLSI 18 Device Design (A brief Summary) • • • • • • • Research Initiative Devices under investigation completely novel. Only N-channel devices investigated to some extent. Device structural variations and their effect on performance investigated to a minor degree. Microwave performance of the device’s not investigated at all. Modeling Approach at U.C. (Semiconductor Devices Laboratory) Numerical device simulators from SILVACO International and ISE. Extensive 3-D modeling of the four N-channel device structures. P-channel devices to be modeled in succession. RF analysis of the N-channel devices followed by the P-channel devices, extraction of important device parameters. Effect of temperature variation on device performance to be analyzed. Semiconductor Device Modeling for VLSI 19 Preliminary Results and Future Work Semiconductor Device Modeling for VLSI 20 Multi-Gate SOI MOSFETs (3-D Views) TriGate Double Gate/ FinFET -Gate Semiconductor Device Modeling for VLSI QuadGate 21 Multi-Gate SOI MOSFETs (2-D Cutplane Views) Double-gate/ FinFET TriGate -Gate QuadGate Note: Symmetric and Asymmetric devices possible Semiconductor Device Modeling for VLSI 22 The -Gate Transistor (The Pseudo 4th gate) • Physics of operation difficult to understand. • Lies somewhere in between a TriGate and a Quadruple-gate device as regards structure. • Virtual presence of a back-gate in oxide layer that acts as a pseudofourth gate. Virtual Back Gate • Presence of the virtual gate prevents electric field lines from the drain from penetrating the channel. • Amount of vertical gate polysilicon penetration a design factor. Semiconductor Device Modeling for VLSI 23 PiGate Transistor (Vertical Gate Penetration Simulation) Baseline device dimensions Gate Length = 50 nm Body Width = 50 nm Body Height = 50 nm Channel Doping = 1x1016 /cm3 Source/ Drain Doping = 1x1019 /cm3 Oxide Thickness = 2 nm Gate Workfunction = 4.6 eV • • • • Semiconductor Device Modeling for VLSI 24 N-type devices considered. 50-100nm technology node well developed and has translated into a manufacturable technology. Too shallow or too deep an etch in the oxide necessitates accuracy and also poses stringent fabrication tolerances. Optimum value of 50 nm chosen as the vertical polysilicon penetration depth. Drain-Current (ID - VDS) Characteristics FinFET TriGate PiGate QuadGate Semiconductor Device Modeling for VLSI 25 Gate (ID - VGS) Characteristics (FinFET and TriGate) FinFET Device Characteristics Threshold Voltage = 0.196 V Subthreshold Slope = 72 mV/decade Off Current = 70 A/m DIBL = 64.67 mV/V TriGate Device Characteristics Threshold Voltage = 0.179 V Subthreshold Slope = 84 mV/decade Off Current = 37.09 A/m DIBL = 75.11 mV/V FinFET TriGate Omega-Gate Quadruple-Gate Semiconductor Device Modeling for VLSI 26 Gate (ID - VGS) Characteristics (-gate and Quadruple-gate) -Gate Device Characteristics Threshold Voltage = 0.193 V Subthreshold Slope = 68.08 mV/decade Off Current = 55.82 A/m DIBL = 134.9 mV/V FinFET TriGate Omega-Gate Quadruple-Gate Quadruple-Gate Device Characteristics Threshold Voltage = 0.198 V Subthreshold Slope = 65 mV/decade Off Current = 50 A/m DIBL = 100.74 mV/V Semiconductor Device Modeling for VLSI 27 Device Structural Variations (Gate Length) FinFET TriGate -Gate Quad-Gate J-T. Park and J-P Colinge, IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices, pp. 2222-2228, vol. 49, no. 12, Dec. 2002. Device Dimensions Fin Width = 50 nm • • Subthreshold Slope = 70-80 mV/decade and lower for switching applications. Number of gates does influence device operation. Channel Doping = 1x 1016 /cm3 Workfunction = 4.6 eV Oxide Thickness = 2 nm A. Breed and K.P. Roenker, pp. 150-151, International Semiconductor Device Research Symposium, 2001. Semiconductor Device Modeling for VLSI 28 Device Structural Variations (Channel Doping) FinFET TriGate -Gate Quad-Gate J-T. Park and J-P Colinge, IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices, pp. 2222-2228, vol. 49, no. 12, Dec. 2002. • • • • Near identical behavior in both graphs. Channel doping normally maintained at a low value to minimize effects of scattering. Mobility degradation observed at high values of channel doping. Moderate levels of channel doping could be used. Device Dimensions Fin Height/Width = 50 nm Gate Length = 50 nm Workfunction = 4.6 eV Oxide Thickness = 2 nm A. Breed and K.P. Roenker, pp. 150-151, International Semiconductor Device Research Symposium, 2001. Semiconductor Device Modeling for VLSI 29 Device Structural Variations (Gate Length and Channel Doping) FinFET TriGate -Gate Quad-Gate • • • Threshold voltage decreases with decrease in gate length, short-channel effect seen to exist in these devices. Threshold voltage sensitive to channel doping beyond 1x10 16 /cm3. Can we use channel doping to tailor threshold voltage? Device Dimensions Fin Height = 50 nm Fin Height = 50 nm Workfunction = 4.6 eV Oxide Thickness = 2 nm A. Breed and K.P. Roenker, pp. 150-151, International Semiconductor Device Research Symposium, 2001. Semiconductor Device Modeling for VLSI 30 Device Dimension Variations (Fin Height) FinFET TriGate -Gate Quad-Gate Device Dimensions Gate Length = 50 nm Channel Doping = 1x1016 /cm3 Workfunction = 4.6 eV Oxide Thickness = 2 nm Fin Width = 50 nm A. Breed and K.P. Roenker, pp. 150-151, International Semiconductor Device Research Symposium, 2001. Semiconductor Device Modeling for VLSI 31 Device Dimension Variations (Fin Width) FinFET TriGate -Gate Quad-Gate Device Dimensions Gate Length = 50 nm Channel Doping = 1x1016 /cm3 Workfunction = 4.6 eV Oxide Thickness = 2 nm Fin Height = 50 nm A. Breed and K.P. Roenker, pp. 150-151, International Semiconductor Device Research Symposium, 2001. Semiconductor Device Modeling for VLSI 32 Device Design Parameters FinFET TriGate -Gate Quad-Gate • • Important step in device design is not patterning of gate region , but instead it is the patterning of the body width. Ideally increase in the number of gates provides an improvement in performance. Semiconductor Device Modeling for VLSI 33 Device Dimensions Workfunction = 4.6 eV Oxide thickness = 2 nm Device Design Parameters (..cont.) FinFET TriGate -Gate Quad-Gate • TriGate variation minimal when Fin Width is considered. – Ideal Gate Length/ Fin Width ratio for FinFET is 1.3 or higher, for a TriGate is unity or higher, for a -gate it is 0.8 or higher and for a Quadruple-gate it is 0.6 or higher. Semiconductor Device Modeling for VLSI 34 Effect of Variation in Gate Oxide Thickness FinFET Device Dimensions TriGate Channel Doping = 1x1016 /cm3 Fin Width = 50 nm Fin Height = 50 nm Gate Length = 50 nm Gate Workfunction = 4.6 eV -Gate QuadGate • Thinner oxides with higher dielectric constants could be looked upon as an alternative for either device. (Hints at the need to look into new materials (HfO2, ZrO2) as a substitute for SiO2 in nanoscale devices). A. Breed and K.P. Roenker, pp. 150-151, International Semiconductor Device Research Symposium, 2001. Semiconductor Device Modeling for VLSI 35 MOSFET Microwave Performance • • • • Silicon-only planar MOSFETs are under consideration. Devices below 200nm gate length are experimental devices. All devices can be optimized for either a larger cut-off frequency or a larger maximum frequency of operation. No strained technology used for MOSFET fabrication. Juin J. Liou and Frank Schwierz, Solid State Electronics, pp. 1881-1895, vol. 47, 2003. Semiconductor Device Modeling for VLSI 36 Current Gain (h21) & Unilateral Power Gain (UMax) FinFET Gate Bias = 0.8 Volts TriGate TriGate TriGate FinFET FinFET Legend Current Gain Unilateral Power Gain Identical behavior for the FinFET and TriGate transistors. TriGate performance again superior to the FinFET. Overall device performance better than that of a planar MOSFET !! A. Breed and K.P. Roenker, IEEE Conference on Silicon Monolithic Integrated Circuits in RF Systems, Atlanta, GA 2001. Semiconductor Device Modeling for VLSI 37 Variation in the Cutoff Frequency (fT) Gate Bias = 0.8 Volts TriGate TriGate FinFET FinFET • • • • Similar variation of fT with gate bias and frequency exhibited by the FinFET and TriGate transistors. TriGate exhibits a peak value of 51.5 GHz and the FinFET a peak value of 42.2 GHz for the cut-off frequency. TriGate is superior again compared to the FinFET (nearly a 20% improvement)!! Values however less than that reported for an optimized planar RF MOSFET transistor (178 GHz - J-J. Liou et. al, Solid State Elec., vol. 47, 1881-1895, 2003). A. Breed and K.P. Roenker, IEEE Conference on Silicon Monolithic Integrated Circuits in RF Systems, Atlanta, GA 2001. Semiconductor Device Modeling for VLSI 38 Variation in the Maximum Frequency of Oscillation (FMax) Gate Bias = 0.8 Volts TriGate TriGate FinFET FinFET • • • • Similar variation of fMax with gate bias and frequency exhibited by the FinFET and TriGate transistors. TriGate exhibits a peak value of 228 GHz and the FinFET a peak value of 183 GHz. TriGate is superior again compared to the FinFET (20% improvement)!! TriGate performs even better than a planar RF transistor (193 GHz - J-J. Liou et. al, Solid State Elec., vol. 47, 1881-1895, 2003) !! A. Breed and K.P. Roenker, IEEE Conference on Silicon Monolithic Integrated Circuits in RF Systems, Atlanta, GA 2001. Semiconductor Device Modeling for VLSI 39 Conclusions and Future Work Conclusions: • Successfully modeled devices in 3-dimensions. • Understood device design space and scaling constraints. • Undertook a study to understand fabrication tolerances to which every device could be exposed. • Both subthreshold and RF performance explored. Future Work: • Model p-channel devices, scaling rules could differ. • Understand device design in totality given a variation in two or more than two parameters. • Investigate their Microwave characteristics. • Comparison with n-channel performance for CMOS and BiCMOS incorporation. • Understand effects of temperature on device performance. Semiconductor Device Modeling for VLSI 40 References 1. A. Breed and K.P. Roenker, “Dual-gate (FinFET) and TriGate MOSFETs: Simulation and design,” Proceedings of the International Semiconductor Device Research Symposium (ISDRS-2003), pp. 150-151, December 2003. 2. J-T. Park and J-P Colinge, “Multiple-Gate SOI MOSFETs: Device Design Guidelines,” IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices, pp. 2222-2228, vol. 49, no. 12, Dec. 2002. 3. Aniket Breed and Kenneth P. Roenker, “A Small-signal, RF Simulation Study of Multiple-gate MOSFET Devices,” IEEE Topical Meeting on Silicon Monolithic ICs in RF Systems, Atlanta, GA, Sept. 2004. Semiconductor Device Modeling for VLSI 41