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Summary of Chinese Dynastic History Dynasty Xia Shang Western Zhou Eastern Zhou (Spring and Autumn and Warring States periods) 770-221 B.C. Qin 221-207 B.C. Han 206 B.C. 220 A.D. (Western and Eastern) Three Kingdoms 220-265 A.D. (Wei, Shu and Wu) Dates and Important Events ~21st - 16th century B.C. ~16th -11th century B.C. ~11th century B.C. – 770 B.C. Many strong, independent states continually waged war with each 300BC: LaoTzu outlines basic principles of Taoism in The Dao de Jing 500 BC: Confucius and Confucianism gains favor over other philosophical/ ethical systems The first unified Chinese state was established by the Qin Dynasty in 221 BCE, when the office of the Emperor was set up and the Chinese language was forcibly standardized Created a lasting Han cultural identity among its populace that would last to the present day. The Han Dynasty expanded China's territory considerably with military campaigns reaching Korea, Vietnam, Mongolia and Central Asia, and also helped establish the Silk Road in Central Asia. Period of disunion; Highly chivalric; Independent Chinese states of this period open diplomatic relations with Japan, introducing the Chinese writing system there Western Jin Eastern Jin 265-316 A.D. 317-420 A.D. Southern and Northern Dynasty Sui 581-618 A.D. Tang 420-589 A.D. 618-907 A.D. Five Dynasties 580 AD: China was reunited Chinese technology and culture reached its zenith 907-960 A.D. 51 First government in world history to issue paper money and the first Chinese polity to establish a permanent standing navy Song Population of China doubled in size 960-1279 A.D. The arts, philosophy, and social life flourish (Northern and Southern) Philosophers such as Cheng Yi and Chu Hsi reinvigorated Confucianism with new commentary, infused Buddhist ideals, and emphasis on new organization of classic texts that brought about the core doctrine of Neo-Confucianism Yuan 1271-1368 Ming Kublai Khan established the Yuan Dynasty 1368-1644 Qing 1644-1911 Ming Dynasty thinkers such as Wang Yangming would further critique and expand Neo-Confucianism with ideas of individualism and innate morality that would have tremendous impact on later Japanese thought China's capital was moved from Nanjing to Beijing The last dynasty in Chinese history Ming falls to the Manchus in 1644, who then established the Qing Dynasty Defensive posture towards European imperialism, even though it engaged in imperialistic expansion into Central Asia itself Awoke to the significance of the rest of the world, in particular the West. As China opened up to foreign trade and missionary activity, opium produced by British India was forced onto Qing China. Two Opium Wars with Britain weakened the Emperor's control Taiping Civil War which lasted from 1851 to 1862 (one of bloodiest in human history) and several other rebellions Korea declared independence from Qing China's suzerainty in 1894, leading to the First Sino-Japanese War, which resulted in China's cession of both Korea and Taiwan to Japan Reform plan for Qing China to become a modern Meiji-style constitutional monarchy was drafted by the Emperor Guangxu in 1898, but was opposed and stopped by the Empress Dowager Cixi, who placed Emperor Guangxu under house 52 arrest in a coup d'état Boxer Rebellion against westerners in Beijing The 38 year old Emperor Guangxu died under house arrest on November 14, 1908, suspiciously just a day before Cixi. With the throne empty, he was succeeded by Cixi's handpicked heir, his two year old nephew Puyi, who became the Xuantong Emperor, the last Chinese emperor Guangxu's consort, who became the Empress Dowager Longyu, signed the abdication decree as regent in 1912, ending two thousand years of imperial rule in China January 1, 1912, the Republic of China was established, heralding the end of the Qing Dynasty Republic of China Sun Yat-sen (husband of Soong Ching-Ling) of the Kuomintang (KMT or Nationalist Party), was proclaimed provisional president of the republic 1912-1949 Yuan Shikai's (self-proclaimed Emperor of China) death in 1916 - - China becomes politically fragmented, with an internationally-recognized, yet virtually powerless, national government in Peking 1920s, the Kuomintang, under Chiang Kai-shek, was able to reunify the country under its own control, moving the nation's capital to Nanking – KMT alone rules China (one-party) Sino-Japanese War of 1937–1945 (part of World War II) forced an uneasy alliance between the Nationalists and the Communists Distrust between the Nationalists and the Communists led to the resumption of the Chinese Civil War People's Republic of China 1949 – Present After its victory in the Chinese Civil War, the Communist Party of China, led by Mao Zedong, gained control of most of the Mainland China. On October 1, 1949, they established the People's Republic of China, laying claim as the successor state of the ROC The central government of the Chinese Nationalist Party led by Chiang Kai-shek was forced to retreat to the island of Taiwan that it had occupied at the end of World War II and moved the ROC government there. Major armed hostilities ceased in 1950 53 but no peace treaty has been signed socioeconomic movements starting in the late 1950s with the Great Leap Forward and continued in the 1960s with the Cultural Revolution that left much of its education system and economy in shambles. With the death of its first generation Communist Party leaders such as Mao Zedong and Zhou Enlai, the PRC began implementing a series of political and economic reforms advocated by Deng Xiaoping that eventually formed the foundation for mainland China's rapid economic development starting in the 1990s. In 1989, the student protests at Tiananmen Square were violently put to an end by the Chinese military after 15 days of martial law. In 1997, Hong Kong was returned to the PRC by the United Kingdom, and in 1999, Macau was returned by Portugal 1970s: People's Republic of China were invited to assume China's seat on the UN after ROC was denied Later attempts by the Republic of China to rejoin the UN have either been blocked by the People's Republic of China, who has veto power on UN Security Council, or rejected by the United Nations Secretariat or a United Nations General Assembly committee responsible for the General Assembly's agenda 54