Download Plant Recognition: Classification and Identification of Field Crop

Plant Recognition: Classification and Identification of Field Crop Plants
OVERVIEW
INSTRUCTOR:
UNIT: Performance of Technical Skills Related to Plant and Soil Science and Technology
LESSON: Plant Recognition: Classification and Identification of Field Crop Plants
IMS REFERENCE: IMS #8390
LESSON PLAN
LESSON OBJECTIVES
The student will be able to:
 recognize various methods of classifying crops;
 explain the binomial classification of plants; and
 discuss basic plant structures and identify plants.
TOOLS & EQUIPMENT
 Computer(s) with internet access
KEY TERMS
annual
biennial
cool season
classification system
cultivar
dicot
forage crops
monocot
perennial
plant kingdom
taxonomy
vascular plant
vegetable crops
warm season
TEACHING MATERIALS AND RESOURCES




IMS #8390
Class Notes sheets for IMS #8390
Lesson Test for IMS #8390
PowerPoint Presentation for IMS #8390
SUPPLEMENTAL MATERIALS AND RESOURCES






variety of small items of various shapes and colors (paper clips, buttons, seeds,
construction paper of various colors and shapes, coins, rocks, etc.)
poster board
glue
markers
photos, pictures, illustrations, etc., of agricultural crops
seeds and plants representing gymnosperms, angiosperms, monocots, and dicots
TEACHING PROCEDURES
 Preparation
Key Points
Link:
Methods
Write down the names of ten animals.
Instructional Materials Service
www.myimsservices.com
Student Thought and Discussion
1
Texas Education Agency
www.tea.state.tx.us
Plant Recognition: Classification and Identification of Field Crop Plants
Using your list, categorize your animals into groups.
How many different groups of animals did you make
from your list? What basis did you use to categorize the
animals? Would any of the animals you listed fit into
more than one group?
Animals are classified in many ways. They may be
classified by their common features (mammals vs.
reptiles), their type of natural habitat (desert animals vs.
animals from the tropics), their uses (livestock vs. small
animal pets), etc.
Teacher Led Discussion
Motivation:
Have students work in groups of three or four. Give each
group a plastic baggie that is filled with a variety of
small objects. Have the students place the objects into
groups and give a basis for their categorization.
Student Group Activity
Overview:
In this lesson, the students will:
 recognize various methods of classifying crops;
 explain the binomial classification of plants; and
 discuss basic plant structures and identify plants.
 Presentation
Key Points
Review of Objectives
Methods
What are some examples of agricultural crops?
Student Thought and Discussion
How are they classified or categorized based on their
characteristics and uses?
Presentation A
Many classification systems exist to group plants for
identification purposes. Field crops are those plants grown for
food, feed, fiber, and/or industrial purposes. Field crops are
classified according to their use, season of growth, life span, and
botanical characteristics.
Classification of Field Crops According to Use
Cereal crops include those grown to furnish edible food
and feeds. These crops, which are members of the grass
Instructional Materials Service
www.myimsservices.com
2
Texas Education Agency
www.tea.state.tx.us
Plant Recognition: Classification and Identification of Field Crop Plants
family, include:







corn
wheat
rice
grain sorghum
barley
oats
rye
Legume crops are grown mostly for their edible seeds,
which have a high protein and oil content. These types
of crops include:






soybeans
peanuts
field beans
garden peas
lentils
cowpeas
Forage crops include grasses and legumes grown as feed
for animals. Forage crops for feeding purposes are used
in the form of silage, hay, and fodder. Grass forages
include:





corn
sorghum
oats
barley
pasture grasses
Legume forages include alfalfa and clover.
Root crops are those grown for their edible roots, which also
have a high starch content.
Crops classified as root crops include:





sweet potatoes
carrots
rutabagas
beets
turnips
Fiber crops are important for their fibrous parts, which
the textile industry uses in the production of clothing,
Instructional Materials Service
www.myimsservices.com
3
Texas Education Agency
www.tea.state.tx.us
Plant Recognition: Classification and Identification of Field Crop Plants
rope, twine, and other fiber products. Important fiber
crops are:
 cotton
 flax
 hemp
Sugar crops are a raw source for sugar products. These
crops include:




sugar beets
sugarcane
sweet sorghum
corn
Oilseed crops are important for their high oil content.
Important oilseed crops include:






cotton (cottonseed)
soybean
flax
peanuts
sunflowers
canola
Tuber crops, similar to root crops, also have a high starch
content. Crops in this classification include:
 Irish potatoes
 artichokes
Stimulant crops include tobacco, coffee, and tea.
Food crops include fruit and vegetable crops. These
crops supply humankind with valuable vitamins,
nutrients, and fiber. Examples of fruit crops include:





apples
peaches
plums
pear
citrus
Examples of vegetable crops are:




potatoes
tomatoes
sweet corn
lettuce
Instructional Materials Service
www.myimsservices.com
4
Texas Education Agency
www.tea.state.tx.us
Plant Recognition: Classification and Identification of Field Crop Plants
 onions
 cabbage
Timber crops, which supply materials for industrial and
construction purposes, include pine trees and many
varieties of hardwood trees.
Classification of Field Crops According to Special Uses
Green-manure crops are those which, when plowed
under the soil during their latter growing stages, supply
nutrients and organic matter to improve the soil quality.
Examples of crops used for this purpose are:




clover
vetch
cowpeas
soybeans
Cover crops are those planted to protect the soil surface
against wind and water erosion and the loss of soil
nutrients. Examples of these crops are:






crimson clover
rye
vetch
oats
wheat
seasonal grasses
Emergency or catch crops are quick-growing crops
planted to replace other crops that have failed. Such
crops include:
 sudangrass
 rye
 millet
Green-chop crops include those crops that are cut green
and fed, uncured, to livestock. Examples include:




sorghum
alfalfa
corn
soybeans
Silage crops, produced for animal feeding purposes, are
harvested and allowed to pass through states of partial
fermentation. Crops harvested for silage include:
Instructional Materials Service
www.myimsservices.com
5
Texas Education Agency
www.tea.state.tx.us
Plant Recognition: Classification and Identification of Field Crop Plants





corn
sorghum
soybeans
cowpeas
clover
Companion crops are those grown to aid in the establishment and
growth of other crops. These types of crops include:




grasses
clover
peas
beans
Classification of Field Crops According to Season of Growth
Presentation B
In the United States, two distinctive seasons for field
crop growth are:
 warm season
 cool season
Warm season crops are grown during the spring and
summer and are not adapted to cooler temperatures.
Warm season crops include:




cotton
tobacco
field peas
sorghum
Cool season crops require cool temperatures for optimal
growth. Cool season crops include:





wheat
oats
barley
potatoes
rye
Classification of Field Crops According to Life Span
Annuals are plants that complete their life cycle (from
seed to seed) in one growing season. Examples include:
 corn
Instructional Materials Service
www.myimsservices.com
6
Texas Education Agency
www.tea.state.tx.us
Plant Recognition: Classification and Identification of Field Crop Plants
 peas
 wheat
 sorghum
Biennials complete their life cycle in two growing
seasons. During the first season they produce vegetative
parts and store food. In the second season they produce
flowers and seeds.
Examples of biennials are:




sweet clover
cabbage
beets
carrots
Perennials grow for more than two growing seasons.
Perennial agronomic crops include:
Activity
 clover
 bermudagrass
 lespedeza
Complete Classification of Agricultural Crops Display at
this time.
The Binomial Classification System of Naming Plants
Taxonomy is the science of classifying and naming
plants. To prevent confusion and false identification,
plant scientists use botanical names to identify plants
universally.
Carl Linnaeus, a Swedish botanist, developed the
binomial classification system for naming plants.
The scientific name used to identify plants consists of
the:
 genus name
 species name
 cultivar name
Activity
Complete Scientific Names of Agricultural Crops Activity
at this time.
The Plant Kingdom
Presentation C
The plant kingdom is subdivided into four phyla:
Instructional Materials Service
www.myimsservices.com
7
Texas Education Agency
www.tea.state.tx.us
Plant Recognition: Classification and Identification of Field Crop Plants
(from simplest to most complex)




Thallophytes
Bryophytes
Pteridophytes
Spermatophytes
Thallophytes have no stems, roots, or leaves.
phylum consists of:
This
 algae
 fungi
 bacteria
Bryophytes are non-flowering plants that have no roots.
Many also have no stems or leaves. Examples of plants
in this phylum include:
 liverworts
 mosses
Pteridophytes include vascular plants, such as ferns, that
have roots, stems, and leaves but lack flowers or seeds.
Spermatophytes include highly developed plants that
produce seeds or fruit after fertilization takes place in the
flowers. This phylum includes all field crops.
The phylum of spermatophytes consists of two subphyla:
 Gymnosperms
 Angiosperms
Gymnosperms produce “naked seeds” that are not
enclosed in ovaries. Examples of gymnosperms include:
 pines
 junipers
 spruce
Angiosperms include flowering plants that produce seeds
enclosed in ovaries. This subphylum includes all field
crops.
Two subdivisions or classes of angiosperms are:
Presentation D
 monocotyledons (monocots)
 dicotyledons (dicots)
Monocots have:
Instructional Materials Service
www.myimsservices.com
8
Texas Education Agency
www.tea.state.tx.us
Plant Recognition: Classification and Identification of Field Crop Plants




a seed embryo with a single cotyledon;
flower parts in multiples of three;
parallel venation in leaves;
an asymmetrical vascular system with scattered
vascular bundles; and
 root systems that are mostly fibrous and/or
adventitious.
Plant families of monocotyledons include the:
 grass family (Poaceae)
 lily family (Liliaceae)
Dicots have:




a seed embryo with a two cotyledons;
flower parts in multiples of four or five;
leaf venation patterns that are net-veined;
a symmetrical vascular system arranged in a ring or
circle system; and
 taproot systems.
Plant families of dicotyledons include the:






legume family (Fabaceae)
nightshade family (Solanaceae)
mustard family (Brassicaceae)
morning glory family (Convolvulaceae)
mallow family (Malvaceae)
rose family (Roseaceae)
Teacher Display and Discussion
Each family of plants is further subdivided into genus,
species, and cultivars.
Display a variety of seeds and plants that represent
gymnosperms, angiosperms, monocots, and dicots.
Compare and contrast their features.
Activity
Complete Research Paper and Presentation at this time.
 Application
Key Points
Classification of Agricultural Crops Display
Methods
Create a poster display using photos, pictures, illustrations, etc.,
to represent a classification or category of agricultural crop.
Instructional Materials Service
www.myimsservices.com
9
Classification Activity and
Display
Texas Education Agency
www.tea.state.tx.us
Plant Recognition: Classification and Identification of Field Crop Plants
Scientific Names of Agricultural Crops Activity
Use available references to list the scientific names of a variety
of agricultural crops.
Activity
 Evaluation/Summary
Key Points
Research Paper and Presentation
Methods
Prepare and orally present a brief research paper on an Research
Paper
Presentation
agricultural crop that is economically important to the local
community.
and
Worksheet
Complete Lesson Test for IMS #8390
REFERENCES/ ADDITIONAL MATIERIALS
Bishop, Douglas, et al. Crop Science and Food Production. Dallas, TX: McGraw-Hill, Inc.
Janick, Jules, et al. Plant Science: An Introduction to World Crops. San Francisco, CA: W.H.
Freeman and Company.
Poincelot, Raymond P. Horticulture: Principles and Practical Applications. Englewood Cliffs,
NJ: Prentice-Hall, Inc.
Web site references:
http://www.nal.usda.gov/ref/crops.htm
http://attra.ncat.org/
http://www.clemson.edu/agsrvlb/myweb10/interest.htm
COLLEGE & CAREER READINESS STANDARD
Instructional Materials Service
www.myimsservices.com
10
Texas Education Agency
www.tea.state.tx.us