Download I Love Plants Student Notes

I Love Plants! Student Notes
Plant General Characteristics
1. Carry out ____________________________________________________ (autotrophs)
2. Produce _____________________________________________________ in their cell walls
3. ________________________________________________________ (don’t move around)
4. Reproduce ___________________________________ and ____________________________________
5. Have specialized ______________________________ and ____________________________________
Plant Evolution
Plants likely evolved from plant-like Protist ________________________________ from a watery environment.
Likely evolved around ____________________________ million years ago!
What plants need to survive: Plants need Sunlight, Water and Minerals, Gas Exchange, Movement of Water & Nutrients
Unique Kingdom Plant Adaptations
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__________________________________________ (like arteries and veins!)
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________________________ – transports materials up from the roots to leaves and supports the plants
as “wood” after the cell dies
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________________________ – transports materials down from the leaves to roots and stem
Vascular Cambium – makes more vascular tissue, Parenchyma – used for storage, surrounded by vascular tissue,
Meristematic tissue – only tissue that makes new cells by mitosis, found on edges, Cork Cambium – outer bark of trees
Bryophytes – Non Vascular Plants
Includes: mosses, liverworts, hornworts
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avoid drying out (___________________________________) – live in moist areas
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develop a means of support (roots and stems), develop new reproductive methods, obtaining nutrition
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No vascular tissue, so they are close to the ground to draw up water by ________________________!
Their ____________________________________ also relies on the use of water!
Tracheophytes – Vascular plants
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________________________________________ – means “naked seed”, not protected by fruit. Can reproduce
through wind or other methods on land!
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Class Ginkoopsida – Gingkos; one species exists today, living fossil, Class Cycadopsida – Cycads; found in
tropics, Class Pinopsida – cone bearers; 9 families contain over 300 species, evergreens: pines, spruce,
hemlocks, firs
____________________________________– flowering plants, produce a form of _____________________________!
(A wall of tissue surrounding a seed.) Gives animals a tasty treat to place their offspring elsewhere.
Two classes of angiosperms are based upon the number of ________________________: tiny seed leaves that store or
absorb food for developing embryo.
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Class Monocotyledonae – Monocots (1)
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Class Dicotyledonae – Dicots (2)
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Have Unique life spans: Those who die in one season are called annuals.
Those who die in two years are called biannuals. Those who live many
years are called perennials.
Plant Structure: Roots
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Roots ____________________ plants into the ground, ____________
water & minerals from the soil, ________________________ the plant from bad bacteria/fungi, and
_________________________ these materials to the stem.
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Contain xylem and phloem in the center of the root.
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Root pressure – dew is an example of root (pressure forcing excess water out of the plant)
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The root cap burrows through the soil and the cells are replenished by the apical meristem.
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Meristem = areas of rapidly dividing cells
Plant Structure: Stems
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Stems can be either _______________________ or ________________________________________.
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________________________________ – as water evaporates, the energy released pulls water up the stem
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Vascular tissues are arranged differently in stems than leaves.
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Monocots: scattered in stem or Dicots: circular pattern in stem
Xylem – transports water & minerals, Phloem – transports sugars & hormones Portion of a plant that stores
sugar is called a sink.
Plant Structure: Leaves
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Leaves are protected by a waxy ____________________. Petiole – vascular tissues extending from stem to leaf
(appear as veins) Mesophyll – contain chlorophyll
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_______________________ and ___________________________ – regulate water loss through the underside
of the leaf (Transpiration)
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Monocots: parallel veins where Dicots: net veined
Plant Reproduction: Asexual
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___________________________________ Reproduction – when plants form new plants from portions of their
own roots, stems, or leaves
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____________________________________ – non-seed vascular plants (ferns) release spores.
Plant Reproduction: Sexual
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_________________________________ – when pollen is deposited on stigma.
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_________________________________ – when pollen grain reached the ovary and fuses with the egg.
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After fertilization, the seed develops food storage regions for the embryo called ____________.
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Seeds are eventually dispersed using many different methods. (Wind, Animals, Water, Fruit, etc)
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Remember, this is called the Alternation of Generations!
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Can remain dormant until __________________ and ________________________ cause the seed to start early
growth called germination.
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The systematic cultivation of plants by humans is called _____________________________________.
Flowers are made up of four organs: (called Perfect Flower)
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Petals – colorful leaf like structure
around the stem.
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They attract insects and
other pollinators of the
flower.
Sepals – green leaf like structure
around the flower stem beneath
the petals.
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They enclose the bud before
it opens and protect the
flower while it is developing.
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Stamens – male part of the flower
where at their tip is the anther that
rests on the filament contains
pollen.
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Carpel– Female part of the flower,
which contains sticky stigma where
pollen grains land and travel down
the style to the ovary and ovules.
Fertilization: Seed & Fruit Production
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2 sperm fertilize the female, one the egg (1n), the other the central cell (2n)
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The walls of the ovule become the protective _____________________, the central cell becomes the
_____________________ or food for the embryo, and the ovary wall the ______________________.
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Because two fertilization events take place at the same time, it is called double fertilization.
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Fruits and seeds are modified for ________________________. Shape of seed can determine type of dispersal
(wind, water, animal, etc)
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Seeds can stay ______________________ for long periods
of time!
Plant Responses
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______________________________ cause a physiological
change either in growth or development.
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___________________ (IAA) – stem elongation.
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____________________ – increase rate of seed germination and allows the stem to grow taller.
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____________________ – stimulate proteins for cell division and extends the life of the plant.
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____________________ – ripens fruits and the emergence of seeds from the soil.
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____________________Acid – helps leaves prevent water loss by hardening certain leaf cells.
Plants respond to their environment as other organisms do.
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______________________________________ affects the timing of flower production.
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Duration of light and dark periods in the day
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Short-day plants, Long-day plants, day-neutral plants
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________________________ – a plant’s response to an external stimulus that comes from a particular direction.
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Involve growth, so they are not reversible.
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Phototropism (_________________________)
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Gravitropism (__________________________)
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Thigmotropism (________________________)
_________________________________movement –Do not involve
growth, so are reversible.
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Example: folding of a venus flytrap.