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DEMONSTRATE UNDERSTANDING OF THE FORMATION OF SURFACE FEATURES IN NEW ZEALAND Achievement Standard: Science 1.13 6 weeks ACHIEVEMENT OBJECTIVES: Planet Earth and Beyond Earth Systems Investigate the external and internal processes that shape and change the surface features of New Zealand TEXTS: ESA revision Guide (ESA) New Directions in Science (ND) Literacy Focus: Key words/terms: core, mantle, crust, tectonic plate, convection current, Gondwanaland, plate boundary, volcano, eruption, cone, dome, shield, subduction, ocean trench, lava, magma, lahar, caldera, tsunami, earthquake, fault, seismometer, seismograph, Richter scale, igneous, metamorphic, sedimentary, weathering, erosion, transport, sediment, deposition, compression, uplift, glacier, freeze & thaw. Useful websites: Gondwana splits: http://www.exploratorium.edu/origins/antarctica/ideas/gondwana2.html Maps of continents over time: http://www.uwgb.edu/dutchs/platetec/plhist94.htm Savage earth: http://www.pbs.org/wnet/savageearth/index.html Mantle convection: http://www.edumedia.fr/a399-mantle-convection.html Seafloor spreading and magnetic anomalies: http://www.edumedia.fr/a399-mantle-convection.html Geology animations: http://duedall.fit.edu/wholeearth/geology_animations1.htm Tsunami: http://www.asiantsunamivideos.com/ Old Faithful webcam: http://www.nps.gov/archive/yell/oldfaithfulcam.htm How the Asian tsunami occurred: http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/4136289.stm Pyroclastic flow video: http://www.maniacworld.com/erupting-volcano.htm Best NZ Natural hazards and disasters: http://www.teara.govt.nz/EarthSeaAndSky/NaturalHazardsAndDisasters/en Himalaya formation: http://www.classzone.com/books/earth_science/terc/content/visualizations/es1105/es1105page01.cfm?chapter_no=visu alization On line mineral key: http://geology.about.com/gi/dynamic/offsite.htm?zi=1/XJ/Ya&sdn=geology&zu=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.minsocam.org%2FMSA %2FK12%2Fproperties%2Fminid%2Fmineralid.html Volcanoes: http://www.volcano.si.edu/ Learning Experiences and content 1. Structure of planet Earth Pre-test Cross-section of Earth (core, mantle, crust). Also recognise poles, magnetic pole, equator, tropics. Draw/Label diagrams. Graph Depth vs Temp 2. Plate tectonics Assemble Gondwana southern super-continent from existing continental shapes. Explain and draw convection currents in mantle causing movement of plates. Continental Drift and evidence for it e.g Glossopteris, fossil crocodiles etc 3. Plate boundaries Label/ colour code on map of the world volcanoes, mountain ranges, ocean trenches, rift valleys, major eathquakes including: Volcanoes; Etna, Fuji, Mt Ranier, Popocatapetl, Cotopaxi (Colombia), Ruapehu, Rabaul, Raoul Is, Mountain Ranges; Atlas, European Alps, Resources and references Brainbops animation: Earth structure. X section of Earth cut and paste. Cut & paste & colour Earth X-section. Graphing exercise handout "Depth vs Temp" Earth’s core: http://videos.howstuffworks.com/science-channel/29142-100greatest-discoveries-the-core-of-the-earth-video.htm Gondwanaland cut and paste in folder. Animations: Convergent and divergent boundaries: http://videos.howstuffworks.com/hsw/12652-our-restless-planetconvergent-and-divergent-plates-video.htm Gondwana splits: http://www.exploratorium.edu/origins/antarctica/ideas/gondwana2 .html Maps of continents over time: http://www.uwgb.edu/dutchs/platetec/plhist94.htm Savage earth: http://www.pbs.org/wnet/savageearth/index.html Mantle convection: http://www.edumedia.fr/a399-mantleconvection.html Seafloor spreading and magnetic anomalies: http://www.edumedia.fr/a399-mantle-convection.html Geology animations: http://duedall.fit.edu/wholeearth/geology_animations1.htm And: http://www.classzone.com/books/earth_science/terc/content/visu alizations/es1105/es1105page01.cfm?chapter_no=visualization Atlases Cut & paste maps of world. Plate boundaries map K:\2009 Science\Yr 10 Science\Earth Science\Earth Science – Images Learning Experiences and content Caucasus, Himalayas, Rockies, Andes, Southern Alps Trenches & rift valleys; Mariana, Tonga-Kermadec, Aleutian, Major quakes; San Francisco, Napier (NZ), Kobe (Japan), Banda Aceh (Sumatra). 4. N.Z on a plate boundary Label on map of N.Z. features associated with being on a plate boundary, including: Volcanoes: Taranaki, Ruapehu, Ngaruhoe, Tongariro, L.Taupo, Tarawera, White Is Mountain ranges: Raukumara, Ruahine, Tararua ranges, Kaikoura ranges, Southern Alps. Geothermal: Hanmer Springs, Rotorua. Earthquakes: Napier (1931), Murchison (1930?), Edgecombe (198?), Dusky Sound (2009) When reviewing, look at Landsat poster and identify the plate boundary and relate various features to their to proximity to plate boundary. Resources and references 5. Shaky Beginnings Shaky beginnings 6. Volcanoes Show video on volcanoes. Draw a subduction diagram labelling magma, lava, ocean trench, Indo-Australian plate (continental crust), Pacific plate (oceanic crust), ash cloud, subduction zone arrow showing plate movement. Thin, dense ocean plate goes under. Thick, less dense continental plate rides over top.( 2 continental plates compress to form mountain ranges but not volcanoes) Define lahar, tsumami, caldera, pumice. Briefly discuss collapsing ash cloud as pyroclastic flow (as in Dantes Peak movie when Pierce Brosnan flees & drives into mine shaft). 8. Shapes of volcanoes "Shaky Beginnings" video 51, 40min with Jim Hickey. Landsat poster of N.Z on wall in R10 Atlases Map of N.Z to cut & paste. "Volcanoes" video 22min Show http://videos.howstuffworks.com/discovery/29457assignment-discovery-paricutin-video.htm Then show http://videos.howstuffworks.com/discovery/7161-mtsaint-helens-powerful-erruption-video.htm Find video of actual moments of Mt St Helens erupting in 1980 on YouTube. Pyroclastic flow video: http://www.maniacworld.com/eruptingvolcano.htm And: http://videos.howstuffworks.com/discovery/7153-volcanoespyroclastic-flow-video.htm Learning Experiences and content Demo: Ammonium dichromate volcanic cone. Discuss shapes of volcanoes, and runny vs sticky lava. Types of lava from different types of volcanoes Shield – basalt eg Rangitoto – runny lava Cone – andesite eg Ngaruhoe Dome – rhyolite eg Tarawera – sticky lava Volcanic rock (e.g basalt) vs plutonic (e.g granite. Discuss formation and observe specimens. 9. Famous eruptions Research and report on a famous volcanic eruption. Suggestions: Vesuvius, Pinatubo, Tarawera, Krakatau, St Helens, Montserrat. 10. Geothermal activity Thermal springs and how geysers work. 11. Earthquakes Discuss mountain building at plate boundaries due to compression. Earthquakes often occur at where plates slide past one another e.g San Andreas, Wellington Fault lines = weakness in crust. Define focus vs epicentre Case study: Banda Aceh earthquake and resultant tsunami. 12. Measuring magnitude Richter scale Demo: Slinky spring and waves. Show transverse (swaves) and longitudinal waves (p-waves). Estimating magnitude and epicentre task. Safety and preparation for earthquakes. 13. Rock types Define igneous, metamorphic and sedimentary rocks. Describe how each is formed. Practical: Identifying rock types. Spread one set of Resources and references Ammonium dichromate (observe safety precautions) Rock specimens Three types of volcano task sheet. Computer room Slinky spring. How the Asian tsunami occurred: http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/4136289.stm Show video 98 ‘The day the world shook’ “Reading the traces” task in folder ND p250-255 Trays of rock samples of I, M & S Use I.D sheets in rock sample boxes Learning Experiences and content rocks around the room. Use a simple key to identify as I, M or S. 14. Rock formation literacy Spend some time getting students to practise writing their own paragraphs on formation of the 3 types of rock using a keyword list. Read from New Directions text and close book. Write key words on board. Get students to write I, M and S beside each word. Construct paragraphs. 15. Minerals Define what a mineral is compared to a rock. Observe a number of minerals and discuss the properties that are used to identify different minerals. Practise using keys to identify minerals 16. Minerals in sand Practical: Carry out minerals in sand task. Students to rotate rolls in group. Present % or different minerals on pie graphs. 17. Rock cycle Process: Uplift/Eruptionmountainweatheringerosiontransp ortdeposition/sedimentationcompressionlithificatio n/rock formationsubductionmeltingeruption concept. Types of weathering – physical eg freeze/thaw, plant roots chemical e.g organic acids, acid rain. 18. Weathering and ice Mechanical(physical) & chemical weathering Practical: Freeze & Thaw. Heat marble in Bunsen then cool in ice cold water. Repeat. Should begin to crack, Practical: Put plastic drink bottle in a freezer without cap on to observe expansion of water when frozen. Resources and references Keywords: Heat, melt, magma, cool, solidify, crystals, pressure, layers, rock fragments, deposits, sediments, compacts, cements. ND p242-245 Minerals in sand task sheet. Several types of sand. Binocular microscopes ND p256-257 Rock cycle: http://videos.howstuffworks.com/search.php?terms=rock+cycle& media=video Bottle of water in freezer for next period. Marbles, “Heating and Cooling” instruction sheet. Plastic bottles Learning Experiences and content Glaciers produce U-shaped valleys, moraine etc 19. Weathering literacy Show video clips on weathering and erosion. Students silently read the text on mechanical and chemical weathering. Split class in pairs, write one of the sentences beside bullet points in coloured pen, cut up sentence into individual words. Pairs rotate around room reassembling sentences. Write sentence in exercise book. 20. Rock stratification Using rock stratigraphic columns to work out geological history. 20. Mountains and weather Discuss orographic rainfall & draw diagram of how mountains cause rain on windward side and föhn wind on leeward side. 21. Assessment task Internal assessment AS1.13 Resources and references Weathering: http://videos.howstuffworks.com/hsw/21683-weatheringvideo.htm A4 paper, scissors, coloured pens ND p262-263 ‘Norwester’ video ?.