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United States in World War II. Teheran, Yalta, Potsdam. Topic 17 Four Freedoms Speech In the future days, which we seek to make secure, we look forward to a world founded upon four essential human freedoms. The first is freedom of speech and expression -- everywhere in the world. The second is freedom of every person to worship God in his own way -- everywhere in the world. The third is freedom from want, which, translated into world terms, means economic understandings which will secure to every nation a healthy peacetime life for its inhabitants -everywhere in the world. The fourth is freedom from fear, which, translated into world terms, means a world-wide reduction of armaments to such a point and in such a thorough fashion that no nation will be in a position to commit an act of physical aggression against any neighbor -- anywhere in the world. That is no vision of a distant millennium. It is a definite basis for a kind of world attainable in our own time and generation. That kind of world is the very antithesis of the so-called “new order” of tyranny which the dictators seek to create with the crash of a bomb. Lend-Lease Act A law passed by Congress on March 11, 1941, during World War II, allowing the president to “sell, transfer title to, exchange, lease, lend, or otherwise dispose of” weapons and materials to help defend nations vital to U.S. security. Suggested by President Franklin D. Roosevelt in December 1940 to help countries fighting the Axis, it provided $31.6 billion to Britain and $11 billion to the USSR. US Military Dictionary 1941 6 January – 4 Freedoms proclamation by FDR (speech, worship, from want, from fear) 11 March – Lend-Lease Act – empowers the President to supply war materials to any country whose defence appears vital for USA 22 June – German attack on USSR; Churchill offers USSR help 25 June – executive order 8802: "There shall be no discrimination in the employment of workers in defense industries and in Government, because of race, creed, color, or national origin." 9-12 August – Atlantic Charter drafted by Roosevelt and Churchill on board of “Prince of Wales”; signed on 14th 7 December – Pearl Harbour 8 December – USA declare war on Japan 11 December – Germany & Italy declare war on USA 1942 1 January – Washington Pact – declaration by 26 nations at war with the Axis powers not to conclude separate armistice (Declaration of the United Nations) 11 June – Treaty between USA and USSR on cooperation at war 18-26 June – 2nd Washington Conference – establishing of second front August – talks in Moscow regarding measures against Germany (Harriman represents FDR) Fall – Jan Karski finds his way from occupied Poland to Britain; meeting Churchill and F.D.Roosevelt he tells them about Holocaust – no reaction; during a meeting with the US president, the latter interrupted account about extermination of Jews asking what was the situation of horses in Poland National War Labor Board; War Production Board; War Management Commission; Office of Price Adminsitration; Office of War Information created West Coast Japanes interned Manhattan Project initiated Battles of Coral Sea and Midway 1943 14-24 January – Casablanca Conference – Roosevelt and Churchill decide on landing in Sicily and Germany’s “unconditional surrender” 12-25 May – Washington Conference – Roosevelt and Churchill decide on operation “Overlord” 3 June – French Liberation Front of De Gaulle formed in Algiers 10 July-17 August – landing in Sicily by Allies 29 September – surrender of Italy 19-30 October – talks in Moscow regarding co-operation until final victory ; Polish case is discussed by Eden, but Molotov attacked saying Poland violated the 1941 treaty 22-26 November – Cairo Conference – Roosevelt, Churchill, Chiang Kai-Shek - operations against Japan 28 November-1 December – Teheran Conference – Roosevelt, Churchill, Stalin – decisions on war strategy and Polish borders; Stalin attacks Polish underground, but Churchill and Roosevelt accept Poland’s borders on Curzon line and Oder river December – Eden in talks with Polish government declares that Teheran is not binding (Allies still need 114,000 Polish troops in Italy). 1944 6 June – D-Day – Allied troops land in Normandy 21 August –7 October – Dumbarton Oaks Conference (USSR, USA, G. Britain, China) – draft of UN Charter 9-18 October – Moscow meeting; spheres of influence (Churchill, Eden, Stalin) Roosevelt reelected USA retake the Phillipines 1945 4-11 February – Yalta Conference – future of liberated Europe Battles of Iwo Jima (19 February – 24 March) and Okinawa (1 April – 21 June) 12 April – Roosevelt dies; Harry Truman becomes president 8 May – Germany surrenders 26 June – the United Nations charter signed in San Francisco 16 July – first successful nuclear test at Alamogordo, New Mexico 17 July – 2 August – Potsdam Conference (Truman, Churchill/Attlee, Stalin) – decisions reached about the occupation of Germany, Poland’s western border, resettlement of population of Poland, Czechoslovakia and Hungary, war with Japan 6 August – a uranium-based weapon, Little Boy, was detonated above the Japanese city of Hiroshima 9 August – a plutonium-based weapon, Fat Man, was detonated above the Japanese city of Nagasaki 15 August (formally 2 September) - Japan surrenders