Download Earth`s Structures

Chapter 2- Earth’s Structure
Lesson 2.1-Landscapes
A. Landscape Formation
1. Features sculpted by surface processes are called landforms.
2.
is a process that moves the surface of Earth to a higher
elevation.
a. Earth’s internal
energy moves rock material and
produces uplift.
b. When a large, flat area is uplifted, a
is formed.
c. A mountain forms when a non-flat uplifted area has many
______________slopes. (The difference between a plateau and a mountain
is a plateau has a flat surface and a mountain has a steep surface).
d.
are formed when internal heat melts rocks and
pushes it out of the surface.
3.
is a surface process that wears away soil and rock. (An
example of erosion is when a stream is carrying rock fragments
downstream).
a.
,
,
, and
break apart the
rocks, changing mountains to plains. (Plains have a flat surface with low
elevation).
b. Rivers and streams carry rock fragments
, carving
and steep- sided
.
c. Ocean
move rock fragments along the coastline.
B. California Landforms
1.
forces cause valleys to form. (ex: water)
a. Glaciers carved a
valley in the surface of
California’s Yosemite National Park.
b. Rivers usually carve sharper,
valleys in rock.
2.
forces cause volcanic eruptions that alter the
landscape by spewing molten rock materials, gas, and ash.
a. The violent eruption of Lassen Peak in the
Mountain
Range in 1915 blasted out a
at the summit.
b. The California
and the
are
mountains that were created when solid rock was pushed up, forming high
peaks.
c. The
-shaped Mount Shasta was formed by layers of melted
rock from a
.
3. Next to the California mountain belts are flat, open
.
a. Water transports eroded material down from mountains to make the fertile
soil of California’s Great Central
.
b. Rivers carve deep, narrow
as they flow from the Sierra
Nevada toward the Pacific Ocean.
4. Sand-sized grains of rock from the mountains form
along the
Pacific coast.
a. Ocean
moving parallel to the shore wash away sand.
b.
are temporary features that must have
___________________added constantly in order to exist.
Lesson 2.2- Minerals and Rocks
A.
Minerals
1.
are substances that form rocks. (Rocks are usually
made of minerals).
2. Minerals have
main characteristics.
a. They are substances found in the
world, such as
diamonds.
b. They are made by
things.
c. They occur in the form of
only, not liquids or gases.
d. They are made of crystals with a structure containing
in
______________ patterns.
e. They are made of specific
in definite
.
B.
Properties of Minerals
1. Each mineral has
properties that are used to identify it.
a. You can test the hardness of a mineral by observing how easily it is
______________ and by referencing the
Hardness Scale.
(The rock lowest on the Mohs Hardness Scale is talc.) (The
hardest rock is diamond).
b. A mineral’s
can sometimes help identify it.
c. A mineral’s
is the color of powder produced when it is
scratched.
d.
is the way a mineral’s surface reflects light. (The luster of a
rock could be described as shiny, silky, etc).
e. Each crystal has a distinct
, which sometimes is referred to as
crystal structure.
f. If a crystal breaks along smooth, flat surfaces, it has
.
g. When a mineral breaks along rough or irregular surfaces, it displays
_________________.
h. Some minerals, such as metals, have a higher
(heaviness/mass)
than others.
2. Some minerals are magnetic, react to
, or interact with
.
(The five tests to find out what type of mineral are hardness, color, streak and luster,
crystal structure, and density).
C. Mineral Uses
1. Rich deposits of minerals that are used to make valuable things are called
.
a.
is a common metal used in wires to conduct electricity.
b. Iron used to make
comes from hematite and magnetite.
c. Galena is the major ore for producing
, used to make automobile
batteries.
D. Rocks
1. A
is a natural, solid mixture of particles mainly made of individual
mineral
, broken bits of
, or fragments of rock.
2.
rocks are formed from
, or liquid, rock
material called
.
a. Magma located at the surface, called
, cools
, forming
____________ crystals.
b. Inside Earth, magma cools
and crystals grow
.
3.
rocks form when solid rocks are
,
_________________, or exposed to fluids.
a. The growth of new
results from these forces.
b. Foliation produces parallel layers of light and dark mineral grains from the
force of uneven
.
4.
is changed into
rock as layers of
grains are
by the weight of the material above them. (Igneous
rock can become sedimentary rock by volcanic rock being pushed down a stream,
breaking into smaller pieces, more sediment piling on top, and creating pressure.)
5. The series of processes that changes one rock into another is called the
.
(The rock cycle is happening all the time).
Lesson 2.3- Earth’s Interior
A. Layers and Seismic Waves
1. Earth’s interior is made up of
with different
compositions.
a. Scientists have learned about Earth’s layers by analyzing the
paths of
waves produced by
.
2. The thin, brittle, rocky outer layer of Earth is called the
.
a. The thin crust under the
is made of
_____________ igneous rocks called
and gabbro.
b. The
crust is made of
-density igneous
rocks like granite.
3. The
is the thick middle layer of rock beneath the
crust.
a. The partly solid (slowly flowing) layer of the mantle is called
the
.
4. Below the asthenosphere, the hot rock has been
by
pressure and turns into the
rock of the
.
a. The core is very dense because it is made mainly of
___________________elements like iron and nickel.
b. The
has two layers: the
metal layer
called the
and the solid metal part called the
_________________________.
5. The crust and the uppermost mantle form the solid and rigid
outer layer of Earth called the
.
B. Heat Transfer in Earth
1. The temperature and pressure inside Earth change the
of
rock material.
a. The temperature and pressure increase as you go deeper
into Earth.
2. Heat energy in Earth’s outer core and mantle escapes toward the surface
mostly by
.