Download The Lure of Imperialism – extend a nation`s power over other lands

The Lure of Imperialism – extend a nation’s power over other lands
Imperialist Activity – nations compete for territory in Asia, Africa, and
Latin America
Economic Interests – new sources and investment capital
Military Needs – navies need bases to refuel
Ideologies
 Nationalism – love of one’s country
 Cultural Superiority – wanted to civilize the less developed
Scramble for Territory – America wants to keep with competing nations
and fulfill manifest destiny
Taking Control of Hawaii – ideal spot for coaling stations and naval bases
Early Contact – British visit Hawaii in 1778 and bring diseases to Chief
Kamehameha’s united islands; population declines from 300,000 in the 1770s
to 40,000 by 1893
Sugar Interests Gain Power – Sugar planters grow very rich and want
control over Hawaii
 King Kalakaua signed alliance to allow Hawaiian sugar to enter the U.S.
tax free
 This boosts Hawaiian sugar industry but made sugar tycoons want
more power over Hawaii
Plotting Against the King
 Hawaiian League – group of American business leaders, planters, and
traders; purpose was to overthrow the monarchy and establish a
democracy ran by Americans
 Americans want Pearl Harbor, but King refuses
 Hawaiian League forces King to sign bayonet constitution and give up
Pearl Harbor
End of the Monarchy
 King dies, his sister, Queen Liliuokalani takes over and wants to
reestablish monarchy
 John L. Stevens, American minister to Hawaii, along with planters
force Queen to surrender
 Leaders form under Sanford B. Dole, a sugar tycoon and new president
of Hawaii
Annexation
 President Cleveland supports Liliuokalani and wants to reinstate her,
but refuses to use military force to do so
 President McKinley – favors annexation and Hawaii becomes a
territory of the U.S.
Influence in China
 Russia, France, Germany, and Great Britain want a sphere of influence
in China
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United States and Secretary of State John Hay want an Open Door
Policy
Society of Righteous and Harmonious Fists a.k.a. Boxers do not like
foreigners
Boxer Rebellion – Boxers attack foreign missionaries and Chinese
Christians; Western nations send in troops to put down the rebellion
Rebellion increased support for Open Door Policy
Influence in Japan
 Japan opens trade with U.S. and becomes an industrialized nation
 Japan and Russia both want Manchuria
 Russo-Japanese War breaks out
 Roosevelt helps negotiate Treaty of Portsmouth
 Japan was victorious and emerged as a major power and U.S.’s major
competition
 U.S. sends out Great White Fleet to impress the world
The Spanish-American War Simmering Unrest in Cuba
 Puerto Rico and Cuba only remaining Spanish colonies
 Cubans revolt against Spanish rule and Spain exiles leaders of the
movement
Jose Marti – exiled from Cuba and came to America
 founded Cuban Revolutionary Party
 planned return to homeland
 killed in battle
 Spain sends General Valeriano Weyler to control civilians
 Weyler puts Cubans into camps where 1/3 died of starvation and
disease
Americans Get War Fever – sympathize with Cubans
The media’s role – yellow journalism, scandalous stories, shocking
illustrations; used only Cuban stories
 William Randolph Hearst – New York Journal
 Joseph Pulitzer – New York World
The Explosion of the Maine
 Spanish minister to the U.S., Enrique Dupuy de lome, ridicules
McKinley for being weak
 U.S.S. Maine – explodes in Havana Harbor, 260 sailors are killed
 Spain is blamed for explosion
 America demands Cuban independence; Spain denies
 Spanish American War begins
The Course of the War
 4 years; two fronts: Cuba and the Philippines
War in the Philippines
 Roosevelt orders Commodore George Dewey to attack the Spanish
fleet in the Philippines
 Battle of Manila Bay – Americans defeat Spanish
 Emilio Aguinaldo, Filipino rebel helps capture city of Manila
War in Cuba
 Teller Amendment – once Cuba frees itself from Spain, America
promises to leave the government and control to its people
 Unprepared U.S. war department
 Most soldiers were enlisted but some were volunteers (Rough Riders)
 Buffalo Soldiers and Rough Riders defeat the Spanish at the Battle of
San Juan Hill
Consequences of the War
 Spain gives up claims to Cuba, Puerto Rico, and Guam
 Spain turns over Philippines to the U.S. for $20 million
 Cost U.S. $250 million and 2,000 lives (yellow fever)
 U.S. becomes growing imperialistic power
Annexing the Philippines – controversy over whether or not to annex
Arguments for annexation
 Duty to educate and spread values
 Economic and strategic values
Opponents’ views
 Violation of self-government
 African Americans worry about exportation
 Worry about more immigration
American Rule
 Senate approves treaty for annexation, Feb. 6, 1899
 Filipino nationalists were infuriated
 Emilio Aguinaldo set up government, declared himself president, and
began fight against U.S.
 Fighting continues for 3 years, until U.S. gains control of Philippines
 Later, July 1946, U.S. grants Philippines independence
Roosevelt and Latin America – “speak softly and carry a big stick”
Cuba and Puerto Rico
 President McKinley sets up military governments on each island to
restore order
Yellow Fever in Cuba
 Outbreak caused by mosquitoes killing 85% of the people infected by
it
 U.S. doctors Walter Reed and William Gorgas and Cuban doctor Juan
Finlay develop a way to eliminate the disease
U.S. Control Over Cuba
 Platt Amendment replaces the Teller Amendment
 Made Cuba a protectorate of the U.S.
 U.S. has control of Naval base at Guantanamo Bay
Governing Puerto Rico
 U.S. governs Puerto Rico as a territory – Foraker Act
 1917 – U.S. grants U.S. citizenship for Puerto Ricans
 1952- Puerto Rico became a self governing commonwealth of the U.S.
The Panama Canal
 France attempts to build “dream” canal through America
U.S. Interest in a Canal
 U.S. Secretary of State John Hay bought rights to French canal
property and equipment
 Colombia’s senate would not approve canal
Panama’s Revolution
 Roosevelt supports revolution against Colombia
 Panamanians rebel and gain independence; approve treaty
Building the Panama Canal
 Harsh working conditions, shortages of labor and materials, yellow
fever, malaria, accidents
The Roosevelt Corollary
 Strengthened the Monroe Doctrine
 Gives U.S. the role of international policemen to protect Latin
America
Reshaping U.S. Diplomacy
 President Taft uses dollar diplomacy to achieve American policy goals
 Woodrow Wilson uses moral diplomacy
Wilson and the Mexican Revolution
Dictatorship Sparks a Revolution – U.S. gets involved because of economic
ties with Mexico
The Diaz Dictatorship
 Diaz brought order to Mexico and helped it modernize
 Many oppose Diaz because of poverty and lack of freedom
Overthrowing Diaz
 Diaz jails his opponent Francisco Madero right before election
 Madero declares himself President of Mexico when released and
organizes revolution
 Emiliano Zapata – south
 Francisco “Pancho” Villa - north
 Mexican Revolution is a series of uprisings that forces Diaz to resign
and into exile
Shaky Leadership
 Madero is elected president of Mexico and faces opposition
 Victoriano Huerta overthrows Madero, jails and executes him
 Troops fight Huerta, situation runs dry
The United States Intervenes
 Wilson authorizes arms sales to Huerta’s enemies and follows policy of
“watchful waiting”
The Tampico Incident
 Members of U.S.S. dolphin port at Tampico and are arrested
 Admiral Henry Mayo demands formal apology and is denied
 U.S. approves use of armed forces in Mexico
Occupying Veracruz
 German ship with arms for Huerta on its way to Veracruz
 Battle of Veracruz - U.S. Marines occupy city
 Argentina, Brazil, and Chile mediate and force Huerta to resign and
flee
The Revolution Concludes – Venustiano Carranza declares himself leader of
Mexican Revolution
 Opposition – Villa and Zapata
 Wilson supports Carranza
 Pancho Villa retaliates and invades U.S.
Pursuing Pancho Villa
 Wilson sends General John J. Pershing into Mexico but could not find
Villa
 Mexico resents U.S.
 Wilson ends search for Villa and withdraws troops to prevent war
A new constitution for Mexico
 Carranza establishes new constitution that combines ideas of
revolutionary groups
 Fighting continues in Mexico until 1920
 Many Mexicans immigrate to the U.S. in search of work and more
stable life