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Name: _____________________________ H Bio- Test Format: 75 points - multiple choice, matching and diagrams Cell Reproduction Review 1. List 3 functions of mitosis Growth, repair, replacement, reproduction 2. How does DNA “fit” into a cell Double helix wraps around histone (ORDER smallest to largest) proteins, Nucleosome, coil, supercoil, chromosome 3. What are chromatids Replicated chromosomes (visible during cell division) 4. What is a centromere Place where sister chromatids are attached 5. 2n Diploid cell 6. Somatic Cell Diploid/body cell 7. Gamete Haploid/sex cell 8. Autosome Non-sex chromosome, #1-22 in humans 9. Human 2n number 46 10. Human n number 23 11. 2 stages of the cell cycle Interphase and Mitotic Phase (cell division) 12. Stages of Interphase (in order) G1, S, G2 13. DNA replication S 14. Describe what is happening P – chromatids become visible, during each stage of mitosis nucleoli and nuclear membrane breakdown, centrosomes (with centrioles in animals) move to opposite poles, spindle fibers stretch across cell M- Centromere attaches to spindle & sister chromatids meet in the middle A – centromere divides, chromosomes move AWAY/APART T- reverse of prophase 15. Describe cytokinesis in a plant P – cell plate and animal cell A- cleavage furrow 16. What is cancer Cells lose ability to control growth rate 17. Define cell division 18. Mitosis 19. Which cells rarely undergo cell division? 20. How do living things become larger? 21. Differentiate between mitosis and meiosis 22. Differentiate between spermatogenesis and oogenesis 23. Differentiate between meiosis I and meiosis II 24. What happens at the conclusion of meiosis I 25. List 3 sources of genetic reassortment & when they occur 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. Holds tetrads together XX sperm cell Tetraploid Oogonia G1 How do sperm cells move Centriole/centrosome Single cell becomes two daughter cells Nuclear division Nerve and some muscle (like the heart) Cells divide and become more numerous Mitosis Meiosis 1 div 2 div Body cells sex cells 2 cells 4 cells 2n cells n cells Spermatogenesis Oogenesis Testes Ovaries 4 sperm cells 1 egg cell Equal division Unequal division Takes longer Meiosis I Meiosis II Synapsis Same as mitosis Tetrads Crossing over Homologs separate Homologous chromosomes separate, chromosome number is reduced by 1/2 1. Crossing over during prophase I 2. Independent assortment during metaphase I 3. Fertilization Chiasmata (chiasma – x over point) Female genotype (sex chromosomes) Male haploid gamete 4n Female germ cell Cell growth and protein production flagella Grow spindle fibers to pull sister chromatids apart 34. Cytokinesis 35. As a wound begins to heal, what happens to cell division 36. What increases faster as a cell becomes larger? 37. Why are small cells considered more efficient than large cells? 38. Define cell division. 39. State on factor that can stop normal cells from dividing? 40. Can controls on cell growth be turned on and off? 41. What regulates the timing of the cell cycle in eukaryotes? 42. What are growth factors? 43. Gametes have _ allele(s) for each gene. 44. Gametes are produced by? 45. Programmed cell death? 46. Describe each stage of meiosis I in detail. 47. Meiosis I is known as? 48. What is nondisjunction? 49. What is independent assortment? When does it happen? 50. How is prophase I of meiosis different then prophase of mitosis? 51. What is a tetrad? When do they form? Division of the cytoplasm Rate slows down Volume increases faster than surface area Large cells have trouble moving needed substances in and wastes out Process in which a cell divides into two daughter cells Contact with other cells Yes Cyclins External regulators of the cell cycle ONE meiosis apoptosis PI-Synapsis, tetrads, homologous chromosomes, crossing over. MI- homologous chromosomes meet in middle, spindle fibers attach to centromeres AI- homologous chromosomes are separated TI- nuclear membrane and nucleolus reform, cytokinesis begins Reduction Failure of chromosomes to separate properly during anaphase leads to cells with too many or too few chromosomes Random lining up of chromosomes during metaphase Synapsis – formation of tetrads, pairing of homologous chromosomes 4 chromatids, 2 sets of sister 52. What type of cells are created by meiosis? 53. What is synapsis? When does it occur and what can it lead to? 54. What is genetic recombination? 55. What are the advantages and disadvantages of sexual and asexual reproduction? chromatids, pairing of homologous chromosomes Gametes, sex cells, haploid Pairing of homologous chromosomes, prophase I of meiosis, crossing over (variety) Results from crossing over (exchange of DNA between homologous chromosomes), independent assortment and fertilization a- no partner (clones -) s – genetic variety (partner, risk of stds -)