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Biology Module 2012 : Locomotion & Support PART A: Activities Section Learning Outcomes: - Describe problems that could be faced by humans and animals in support and locomotion - Explains how problems in support and locomotion are overcome in humans and animals 1. What is the difference between locomotion and movement? Locomotion: ______________________________________________________ Movement: _______________________________________________________ 2. Three types of skeletons in animals are _______________, ______________and ________________ _________________. 3. Fill in the blanks using appropriate answers. 2.1 Support & Locomotion in Humans and animals Overcomed by Needs for support Problems of Animals Humans Skeletal system 2 Muscular system Joints Consists of Position & nature of 4 Axial eg. 3 1 5 Appendicular •Earthworm •Grasshopper •Fish Muscles 6 Tendon Ligament Muscles action Bring about Movement 1 Learning Outcomes: - Name the bones that make up the axial skeleton and appendicular skeleton of the human body - Label the bones, the skeletal muscles and tendons in diagram of the arm - Explain how movement is brought about in a limb The Vertebral Column 4. Fill in the name of general vertebral structure parts: 1_________________ __________________ 2_______________ ________________ _ 3_______________ __ 5__________________ 6________________ 4_________________ __ Vertebral General Structure Name and describe special characteristic for each vertebrae Special Characteristics: ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ 1. Name: ______________________ ___________________________________ Special Characteristics: ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ 2. Name: ______________________ 2 Special Characteristics: ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ 3. Name: ______________________ ___________________________________ Special Characteristics: ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ coccyx ___________________________________ ___________________________________ 4. Name: ______________________ 3 5. Label all the structures: 1 2 3 7 4 8 5 9 6 10 11 12 17 13 14 18 19 15 20 21 16 22 23 4 Appendicular Skeleton 6. Name all of the appendicular parts. 10 1 2 11 3 4 13 12 5 6 14 7 15 8 16 9 The Lower Limb The Upper Limb 5 The action of antagonistic muscles 7. Fill in the blanks with correct answers. B) Biceps muscle, B – _____________ while A) ____________ Triceps muscle, C - _____________ B D)____________ ____________ C) _________ C E)____________ __ G)Biceps muscle, B – _____________ while Triceps muscle, C - _____________ F) _______________ B C H)_______________ 6 Muscles Involved in Walking 8. Please arrange back all the process according to the right sequence: a) The whole sequence is repeated with the left leg b) Next, the quadriceps muscle contracts, pulls the femur forward and extends the leg c) The hamstring muscle contracts to pull the femur back and bends the knee. The leg is raised d) When the extension of the leg is completed, the foot then regains contact with the ground with the heel touching the ground first. The weight of the body is now supported on the right leg e) The calf muscle contracts and raises the heel f) In doing so, it exerts a forward thrust by pushing the ball of the foot against the ground g) As the right foot loses contact with the ground, the weight of the body is now supported by the left leg which is still in contact with the ground 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 7 Appreciating A Healthy Muscoskeletal System 9. Tick √ for the right statement and X for the wrong one. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Clothing should not inhibit the movement of the body Keep the body adequately dehydrated during vigorous activities Exercising with objects tied around the waist, or with illfitting footwear can distort the posture Do not warm up before involve in sport activities because it will make you cramp Drink a fruit juice or a sports beverage if you are working out in hot weather Physical activities strengthen joint structures, increase muscular perfomance and delay the progress of arthritis Stilettoes should not be used for walking because the weight of the body is on the front part of the feet Taking adequate amounts of calcium and phosporus will help us maintain our musculoskeletal system Supports in Aquatic and Terrestrial Plants 10. Fill in the blanks: Need for In Achieved by Achieved by 5 Collenchyma 1 2 3 Types 4 Schlerenchyma Cell turgidity Xylem Examples Examples Examples Examples 8 11. Complete all articles using the words given: A. The mechanism of locomotion in an earthworm downwards strong low pressure aerofoil upper coracoid bottom sternum force lifts gliding The locomotion of bird flight occurs through two ways, namely flapping the wings and __________. When flapping the wings _________ , the ________ and large pectoral muscles contract. Air resistance towards the movement of the wings downwards produces a force that acts upwards against the wings. This force is sent from the wings to the ________ until the _________ and ______ the whole body of the bird upwards. When gliding, the wing acts as an ___________. Air moves faster on the _________ surface of the aerofoil. An area of ______ pressure exists on the upper surface and area of high pressure on the ________ surface. A lifting _______ is produced at the bottom of the wings and lifts the bird. B. The mechanism of locomotion in an earthworm shorter hydrostatic longitudinal cavity coelom circular muscles chaetae peristaltic Earthworm have a _________ skeleton. The force is applied to a fluid-filled ________ called the __________. The ___________ is surrounded by two antagonistic layers of __________: the ___________muscles and the ___________ muscles. When the circular muscles contract, the longitudinal muscles relax. The earthworm becomes thinner and longer. When the longitudinal muscles contract, the circular muscles relax. The earthworm becomes _________ and thicker. An earthworm has _________ which anchor parts of the body to the ground so that the other parts can be pulled towards the anchored parts. During locomotion, the contraction and relaxation of both muscles produce a ____________ wave which begins at the front and moves towards the end of the body. C. The mechanism of locomotion in a grasshopper antagonistic jumping pulled extensor flexor propelling contracts upwards extensor A grasshopper has ___________ muscles called the flexor and ________ muscles which are attached to the interior of the exoskeleton. The rear legs of a grasshopper are adapted for ___________. When the _____________ muscle in the upper part of a grasshopper’s leg ___________, the lower leg is __________ towards the body. When the ___________ muscle contracts, the leg jerks backwards, ____________ the grasshopper forward and __________ into the air. 9 C. The mechanism of locomotion in a fish reduce myotomes sweep Streamlined contract pushing resistance waves backwards A fish has a ____________ and slimy body to ________ water _____________ while swimming. Each side of the fish’s body has __________ which are W-shaped muscle segments. Myotomes are antagonistic muscles. When the muscles on one side ___________, those on the other side relax. This produces alternating ________ of contraction and relaxation which pass down the myotomes on either side of the body to the tail. As a result, the different parts of the body __________ from side to side, ____________ the water ____________ and the fish forwards. 10 PART B: Structured Item Section 1. Figure 1 shows the arrangement of feathers and flight muscles of a bird (a) (i) Name two other groups of animal that can fly. _________________________________________________________________ (2 m) (ii) State two differences between the musculoskeletal system of one group named in (a) (i) and the musculoskeletal system of birds. _________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ (2 m) (b) State three body characteristics that enable a bird to fly in air. _________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ (3 m) (c) How does the arrangement of feathers on a bird help it fly in the air? _________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ (2 m) 11 (d) Describe the characteristics of bird’s bones that allow the bird to gain elevation in the air. _________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ (3 m) (e) State one more feature of the bird that helps it to fly in the air. _________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ (1 m) 2. (a) Name the type of joint shown in the figure. ___________________________________________________________________ (1 m) (b) What is the function of the structure labelled V? ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ (2 m) 12 (c) The ends of the two bones are covered by X. What is the main function of X? ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ (2 m) (d) What is W? ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ (1 mark) (e) What is the importance of W? __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ (1 mark) (f) (i) Give one example of a pair of bones that has this type of joint. __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ (1 mark) (ii) Name a different type of joint from the one in the figure. __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ (1 mark) 13 3. Figure 3 shows Ramu (A) and Johari (B) adopting two different postures. Examine Figure 3 carefully and then answer the following questions (a) Define the term posture. ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ (1m) (b) What is meant by a correct posture? ____________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ (2m) (c) Which student is adopting the correct posture, student A or B? __________________ (1m) (d) How can you adopt the correct posture while standing? ____________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ (2m) (e) What is the effect of a bad posture on the human body? Answer this question in terms of: (i) Energy _________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ (2m) 14 (ii) Breathing mechanism _________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ (2m) (f) How can physical exercise help you to adopt the correct posture? ____________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ (2m) 4. Figure 4(a) shows a series of movement of a worm on a surface. Figure 4(b) hows the muscle, bone and joint that are involved in the movement of the arm. X 4(A) 4(B) (a) Name the muscle involved in the movement in the (i) Worm: ____________________________________________________________ (ii) Arm: _____________________________________________________________ (2m) (b) Describe the muscle actions that allow movement in the (i) Worm __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ (2m) 15 (ii) Arm __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ (2m) (c) Explain the function of the liquid found in the worm’s body that allow it to move forward ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ (2m) (d) (i) Compare the skeletal strength of the worm and the vertebrate animal _________________________________________________________________ (1m) (ii) Give reasons to your answers in (d)(i) ________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ (1m) (e) If bone X of a person breaks, (i) State two nutrients that the person should take ________________________________________________________________ (2m) (ii) Explain why these nutrients are needed ________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ (2m) 16 5. Figure 5 shows three types of plants P, Q and R. Each type of plants have special adaptations to gain more support. (a) Classify all this plants to two categories according to its habitat __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ (2m) (b) (i) Explain how plant P gains support which enable it to survive in its habitat. __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ (1m) (ii) Draw the special tissue involve in support in (b)(i) above (2m) 17 (c) Terrestrial plants need support for one main purpose. State the main purpose. _________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ (1m) (d) (i) Explain the differences between P and Q and R referring to the stem condition. _________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ (1m) (ii) How plant Q obtain support? _________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ (2m) (e) Draw the cross section of area XY and label all parts that give support to Q’s stem. (3m) 18 19