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Home work
Prepared by:
Abdelaziz AIT MANSOUR
Order N°:
31
Group:
4
Prof:
University alqadi aayad
A. Elhaloui.
2010-2011
One of the most distinctive properties that distinguish human language from
animal one is the productivity. In fact, human language is not stable. New word
may be added to the vocabulary of language by many processes such as coinage ,
borrowing , compounding , blending ,clipping , backformation , conversation,
acronyms , derivation , affixes and word from names . These words from names
called eponyms.
Eponyms are words derived from proper names. This process is one of many
creative ways that expand the vocabulary of a given language. There is a long list of
eponyms in English language. But let us throw some light on six of them which are
boycott, bowler, grog, guy, sandwich and wellington.
Boycott is a verb and noun. It means, as a verbs, to refuse to buy, use or take
part in something as a way of protesting. As a noun, boycott is an act of boycotting
somebody or something. The origin of this word is Charles C. Boycott
(1832–1897), English estate manager in Ireland, against whom
non-violent coercive tactics were used in 1880 . Boycott’s name
adopted as a term for refusing to buy, use, or take part in
something.
Bowler is a player who throws the ball towards the batsman. It is also a hard
round hat, 1861, said to be from a J. Bowler, 19c. London hat
manufacturer; but perhaps simply from bowl.
Grog is strong alcoholic drink, originally rum, mixed with water. Grog named
from "Old Grog" a nickname given to Admiral Vernon, in allusion to
his wearing a grogram cloak in foul weather. He is said to have
been the first to dilute the rum of the sailors (about 1745).
Guy is a model of a man dressed in old clothes that is burned on a BONFIRE on 5
November during the celebrations for bonfire night.
Sandwich is a verb and noun. Sandwich, as a verb, is to fit something somebody
into a very small space between two other things or people, or between two times.
It means, as a noun, two or more slices of bread and butter with meat, cheese, jam,
etc. between, eaten with the hands. Sandwiches are popular as a light midday
meal, and are often bought from sandwich bars, shops selling a wide range of
different sandwiches. The 4th Earl of Sandwich (1718–1792) is said to have
invented them as a quick and easy meal to eat while gambling.
Wellington is a rubber boot, usually reaching almost up to knee, which you wear
to stop your feet getting wet. Boot called wellington from 1817, for
Arthur, 1st Duke of Wellington (1769-1852), who also in his
lifetime had a style of coat, hat, and trousers named for him as
well as a variety of apple and pine tree. In brief, this word-formation
process is one of the most effective ways of creating new words.
Derivation is one the most common word-formation to be found in the
production of new English words. This process uses affixes such as prefixes,
suffixes, infixes and circumfixes. This chart below is a list of some of English
suffixes, their meanings and examples:
A list of English suffixes (Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary)
Suffixes
The meanings
-able
1-That can be or must be
2-having the quality of
-age
1-The action or result of
2- A state or condition of
3- A set or group of
4- An amount of
5- The cost of
6- A place where
examples
1 -Calculable, taxable
2- Changeable,
comfortable, fashionable
1- breakage
2- bondage
3- baggage
4- mileage
5- postage
6- anchorage
A shopaholic, a
chocaholic, workaholic
-ance, -ence
Linking something very
much and unable to stop
doing or using it.
1- connected with
2- a process or state of
Connected with the
particular area of activity
or interest mentioned.
The action or state of
-ancy, -ency
The state or quality of.
Complacency
-ant, -ent
1-That is or does
something
2- A person or thing that
1-Different ,significant
2- Inhabitant, deterrent
-aholic
-al
-alia
-arian
-ary
Believing in; practising
Connected with
1-Magical , verbal
2- Survival
-Kitchenalia
Assistance, confidence.
Humanitarian,
disciplinarian
Planetary, budgetary
-ate
1- full of having the
quality of
2- to give the thing or
quality mentioned to
3- the status or function
of
1-Passionate, Italianate
2- Hyphenate, activate.
3- A doctorate
4- The electorate
-athom
-ative
4- A group with the
status or function.
A swimathon
An event un which a
particular activity is done
for a very long time
especially one organized
to raise money for
charity.
Talkative
-ator
Doing or tending to do
something.
A person or thing that
does something.
1- Having a particular
centre
2- Based on a particular
way of thinking.
1-The act of killing
2-a person or thing that
kills.
Creator, percolator
-cy/ -acy
The government or rule
of.
Democrat , bureaucrat
-dom
A member or supporter
of a particular type of
government or system.
-ectomy
1- the state or quality of
2- the status or position
of
1-Infancy, accuracy
2- chaplaincy
1- freedom, martyrdom
2- kingdom
3- officialdom
-centric
-cide
-cracy
-crat
1-geocentric
2-Eurocentric,
ethnocentric
1-Suicide, genocide.
2- Insecticide
Democracy,
bureaucracy.
-ed/d
1- the condition or state
of
2-the rank of, an area
ruled by
3- The group of.
Appendectomy(=remove
of the appendix)
A medical operation in
which part of the body is
removed.
2- Hated, loved,
walked….
1-talented, bearded,
diseased
-ee
-eer
1- Having; having the
-en
-er
-ess
-est
-ful
-graphy
-hood
-ian/-an
-ic
-ics
-ify/-fy
-ing
characteristics of.
2- Makes the past tense
and past participle of
regular verbs.
1- Employee , addressee,
1- A person affected by
an action.
2- A person described as
or concerned with.
1- auctioneer,
mountaineer
2- profiteer,
commandeer
1- A person concerned
2- to be concerned with
1-blacken , sadden
2- Wooden, golden.
1- to make or become
2- Made of or looking
like.
1- lover, computer
2- three-wheeler,
foreigner
1- A person-ial
or thing that
2- A person or thing that
has the thing or quality
mentioned.
3- a person concerned
with
4- a person belonging to
5- Makes comparative(
adjectives and adverbs)
Female
Superlative
3- philosopher,
astronomer
4- New Yorker
5- Wider, bigger,
happier, sooner.
Lioness , actress
Widest, biggest,
happiest, soonest.
1-Sorrowful, masterful,
forgetful
2- handful, spoonful
1- full of, having the
quality of, tending to.
2- An amount that fills
something.
1- A type art or science
2- A method of
producing images.
3- A form of writing or
drawing.
1- the state or quality of
2- A group of people of
the type mentioned.
Typical of
2-Absentee, refugee
1-choreography,
geography.
2- Radiography
3-calligraphy,
biography.
1-childhood, falsehood
2- the priesthood
dictatorial
1- Bostonian, Brazilian,
-ion
1- Form , typical of
2- Mathematician
Shakespearian.
-ish
2- a specialist in
-ism
1- connected with
2- That performs the
action mentioned.
The science, art or
activity of.
To make or become
Used to make the present
participle of regular
verbs.
The action of state.
-ist
-ity
-ive
-ize/ise
-less
-let
-like
-logue
-ly
1-from the country
mentioned.
2- Having the nature of;
like.
3- Fairly, approximately.
1- The action or the
result of.
2- The state or quality of.
3- The teaching of,
system or movement.
4- Unfair treatment or
hatred for the reason
mentioned.
5- A feature of language
of the type mentioned.
6- A medical condition or
disease.
1- A person who believes
or practises.
2- A member of a
profession or business
activity.
3- A person who uses a
thing.
4- A person who does
1-scenic, economic
,Arabic
2- horrific , specific
Physics, dramatics,
athletics.
Purify, beautify, solidify,
signify….
Hating, walking,
loving….
Hesitation, competition,
confession….
1- Turkish, Irish , Polish
2- Childish, boyish ….
3- reddish, thirtyish
1-criticism
2- heroism
3- Buddhism, feminism
4- Racism
5- Americanism,
colloquialism
6- Alcoholism.
1-Atheist.
2-Dentist.
3- Typist.
4- Plagiarist.
Purity , oddity
Explosive, descriptive
1- Privatize, fossilize,
-ment
-ness
-ology
-or
something.
The quality of state of.
Tending to, having the
nature of.
1- To become, make or
made like.
2- To speak, treat, act,
and think in the way
mentioned.
3- to place in.
_ory
1- Without
-ous
2- Not doing, not
affected by
-phobia
Small , not very
important
Similar to, typical of.
-scape
-ship
Talk or speech
-some
1-In the way mentioned.
2-Having the qualities of:
3- At intervals of
The action or result of
The quality, state or
character of.
1- a subject of study
Americanize ….
2- Criticize, theorize,
deputize, pasteurize.
3- Hospitalize
1- Treeless,
meaningless,
mindless….
2- Tireless, selfless
Booklet, piglet, starlet
Childlike, shell-like,
prison-like.
A monologue.
1-Happily, stupidly
2-cowardly, scholarly.
3- Hourly, daily,
monthly….
Bombardment,
development.
Blindness , silliness
1- Sociology,
phonology,
morphology….
2- Phraseology
Actor
-ure
-ward
-ways
-wise
2- A characteristic of
speech or writing.
Explanatory
A person or thing that
Poisonous , continuous
That does
-y
Having the quality or
nature of.
A strong unreasonable
fear or hatred of a
particular thing.
Anglophobia ,
xenophobia
Landscape , seascape
1- Ownership,
friendship
A view or scene of.
2-Citizenship,
professorship
1- The state or quality of. 3- Musicianship
2- The status or office of. 4-Membership
3- Skill or ability as:
4- The group of
1- Fearsome,
quarrelsome.
1- Producing, likely to
2- A foursome
2-A group of the number
mentioned.
Closure, failure
The action, process or
result of.
Backward, eastward,
In the direction of
forward, homeward…
Lengthways , sideways
In the direction of
1- likewise, clockwise
1- In the manner or
direction of.
2- Things are not too
2-(informal) concerning good businesswise
1- Dusty, clayey,
1- Having the quality of
windy….
2- Tending to
2- runny , sticky
3- The action or process 3- inquiry
of
4- Doggy, daddy
4- Showing affection