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Shier, Butler, and Lewis: Hole’s Human Anatomy and Physiology, 11th ed. Chapter 11: Nervous System II Chapter 11: Nervous System II I. Introduction A. Introduction 1. The central nervous system consists of ________________________________ 2. The _____________ is the largest and most complex part of the nervous system 3. The brain includes ________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ 4. The brainstem connects ____________________________________________ and allows _________________________________________________________ 5. The spinal cord provides ___________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ 6. The brain lies within ______________________________________________ and the spinal cord occupies ___________________________________________ 7. Meninges are located ______________________________________________ and protect _________________________________________________________ II. Meninges A. The meninges have _______________________________________________ layers. B. The outermost layer is ______________________________________________ and is composed of _____________________________________________________________ C. Dural sinuses are _______________________________________________________ D. Denticulate ligaments are ________________________________________________ E. The epidural space is ____________________________________________________ and contains _____________________________________________________________ F. The arachnoid mater is _______________________ that lacks ___________________ and is located_____________________________________________________________ G. The subarachnoid space is________________________________________________ and contains a fluid called___________________________________________________ 11-1 H. The pia mater is ___________________ can contains __________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ I. The pia matter is attached to _______________________________________________ III. Ventricles and Cerebrospinal Fluid A. Introduction 1. Ventricles are _____________________ and are located __________________ __________________________________________________________________ 2. The ventricles are continuous with ___________________________________ and are filled with ___________________________________________________ 3. The largest ventricles are ___________________________________________ which are located ___________________________________________________ 4. The third ventricle is located ________________________________________ 5. The fourth ventricle is located _______________________________________ 6. The cerebral aqueduct is ___________________________________________ 7. The choroids plexus is _____________________________________________ and functions to _____________________________________________________ 8. Most of the cerebrospinal fluid arises in _______________________________ and circulates into ___________________________________________________ 9. Cerebrospinal fluid is continuously absorbed into________________________ 10. Arachnoid granulations are ________________________________________ 11. Cerebrospinal fluid is different from blood in that ______________________ __________________________________________________________________ 12. The functions of cerebrospinal fluid are ______________________________ __________________________________________________________________ 13. Because cerebrospinal fluid completely surrounds ______________________ _________________________, it protects them by________________________ __________________________________________________________________ IV. Spinal Cord A. Introduction 1. The spinal cord is continuous with ___________________________________ and extends through _________________________________________________ 11-2 2. The spinal cord begins at the level of the ______________________________ and terminates near __________________________________________________ B. Structure of the Spinal Cord 1. The spinal cord consists of __________________________________segments, each of which gives rise to ____________________________________________ 2. The two enlargements of the spinal cord are ____________________________ __________________________________________________________________ 3. The cervical enlargement supplies ____________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ 4. The lumbar enlargement supplies ____________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ 5. The conus medullaris is ____________________________________________ 6. The filum terminale is _____________________________________________ 7. The cauda equina is _______________________________________________ 8. Two grooves that extend the length of the spinal cord are _________________ __________________________________________________________________ 9. In a cross section of the spinal cord, __________________________________ surrounds __________________________________________________________ 10. Each side of the gray matter is divided into the following three horns: ______ __________________________________________________________________ 11. Motor neurons are located in the ____________________________________ 12. The gray commissure is ___________________________________________ 13. The central canal is ______________________________________________ 14. Three regions of the white matter are ________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ 15. Nerve tracts are _________________________________________________ C. Functions of the Spinal Cord 1. Reflex Arcs a. Reflex arcs carry out ________________________________________ b. A reflex arc begins with ______________________________________ at the end of __________________________________________________ 11-3 c. Nerve impulses on these sensory neurons enter the ________________ and constitute a ____________or_____________limb of the reflex. d. The CNS is a_________________________________________. e. Afferent neurons or interneurons ultimately connect with __________________, whose fibers pass outward from the CNS to ________________. 2. Reflex Behavior a. Reflexes are _______________________________________________ b. Reflexes function to _________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ c. The knee-jerk reflex is an example of ___________________________ ______________________ because it only uses ____________________ d. The knee-jerk reflex is initiated by _____________________________ e. When the tendon is struck, the _________________________ is pulled. f. When the muscle is pulled, _______________________ are stimulated. g. The receptors generate a nervous impulse that enters the spinal cord on an axon; the axon synapses with __________________________________ h. The axon of the motor neuron synapses with _____________________ and the muscle responds by _____________________________________ i. The knee-jerk reflex helps maintain _____________________________ j. The withdrawal reflex occurs when _____________________________ ____________________________________________________________ k. In the withdrawal reflex, muscles on the affected side contract and the flexor muscles on the unaffected side ______________________________ l. The extensor muscles on the unaffected side _____________________ , helping to support _____________________________________________ m. A crossed extensor reflex is due to _____________________________ ____________________________________________________________ n. A withdrawal reflex protects because ___________________________ ____________________________________________________________ 3. Ascending and Descending Tracts 11-4 a. Ascending tracts conduct _____________________________________ b. Descending tracts conduct ____________________________________ c. The names that identify nerve tracts often reflect __________________ ____________________________________________________________ d. Four major ascending tracts of the spinal cord are _________________ ____________________________________________________________ e. The fasciculus gracilis and fasciculus cuneatus are located___________ ____________________________________________________________ f. The fibers of fasciculus gracilis and fasciculus cuneatus conduct ______ ____________________________________________________________ g. The spinothalamic tracts are located in __________________________ ____________________________________________________________ h. The lateral spinothalamic tracts conduct impulses from _____________ ____________________________________________________________ i. The anterior spinothalamic tracts impulses are interpreted as _________ ____________________________________________________________ j. Spinocerebellar tracts are located _______________________________ ____________________________________________________________ k. Impulses on the spinocerebellar tracts originate in _________________ ___________________________ and travel to _____________________ l. Three major descending tracts of the spinal cord are ________________ ____________________________________________________________ m. Corticospinal tracts are located ________________________________ n. The corticospinal tracts conduct _____________________________ to ____________________________________________________________ o. The pyramidal tracts are________________________________ and the extrapyramidal tracts are ________________________________________ p. Reticulospinal tracts are located _______________________________ ____________________________________________________________ q. Motor impulses of the reticulospinal tracts control _________________ ____________________________________________________________ 11-5 r. Rubrospinal tracts are located__________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ s. Rubrospinal tracts carry motor impulses that coordinate _____________ ____________________________________________________________ V. Brain A. Introduction 1. The brain contains nerve centers associated with ________________________ and is responsible for ________________________________________________ 2. The other functions of the brain include _______________________________ __________________________________________________________________ B. Brain Development 1. The brain begins as a ______________________________________________ 2. The portion of the neural tube that becomes the brain has the following three major cavities: ______________________________________________________ 3. The forebrain divides into __________________________________________ 4. The hindbrain partially divides into ___________________________________ 5. The wall of the anterior potion of the forebrain gives rise to _______________ __________________________________________________________________ 6. The posterior portion of the forebrain gives rise to _______________________ __________________________________________________________________ 7. The midbrain is called ________________ in the adult and the hindbrain gives rise to _____________________________________________________________ C. Structure of the Cerebrum 1. The _______________________________ is the largest part of the adult brain. 2. The cerebrum consists of two _______________________________________ 3. The corpus callosum is_____________________________________________ 4. Convolutions are _________________________________________________ 5. Sulci are ________________________________________________________ 6. A fissure is ______________________________________________________ 7. The longitudinal fissure separates ____________________________________ 8. The transverse fissure separates ______________________________________ 11-6 9. The 5 lobes of the cerebral hemispheres are ____________________________ __________________________________________________________________ 10. The most anterior lobe is the _______________________________________ 11. The frontal lobe is bordered posteriorly by ____________________________ and inferiorly by ____________________________________________________ 12. The ___________ lobe is separated from the frontal lobe by the central sulcus. 13. The ____________________ lobe lies inferior to the frontal and parietal lobes and is separated from them by _________________________________________ 14. The most posterior lobe is _________________________________________ 15. The tentorium cerebelli is _________________________________________ 16. The insula is located______________________________________________ 17. The cerebral cortex is __________________________________________ and contains nearly ____________ of all the neuron cell bodies in the nervous system 18. Just beneath the cerebral cortex is ___________________________________ D. Functions of the Cerebrum 1. Functional Regions of the Cortex a. The cerebral cortex is divided into the following three major sections: ____________________________________________________________ 2. Sensory Areas a. Sensory areas interpret _______________________________________ 11-7 b. Sensations on the skin are interpreted in _________________________ ____________________________________________________________ c. Visual sensations are interpreted in _____________________________ d. Auditory sensations are interpreted in ___________________________ e. Taste sensations are interpreted in ______________________________ f. Like motor fibers, sensory fibers cross over in ____________________ ____________________________________________________________ 3. Association Areas a. Association areas are ________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ b. Association areas analyze and interpret __________________________ and help provide ______________________________________________ c. The association areas of the frontal lobe provide___________________ ____________________________________________________________ d. The prefrontal areas control ___________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ e. The parietal lobes have association areas that _____________________ ____________________________________________________________ f. The association areas of the temporal lobes interpret________________ ____________________________________________________________ g. The association areas of the occipital lobes are important for _________ ____________________________________________________________ h. The general interpretative area is located ________________________ _____________________ and functions to ________________________ ____________________________________________________________ 4. Hemisphere Dominance a. In most people the ________________________________ is dominant. b. The dominant hemisphere controls _____________________________ ____________________________________________________________ c. The nondominant hemisphere controls __________________________ ____________________________________________________________ 11-8 d. Nerve fibers of the _________________________ enable the dominant hemisphere to ________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ 5. Memory a. Memory is ________________________________________________ b. Two types of memory are ____________________________________ c. Short-term memories are _____________________________ in nature. d. When the electrical impulse of a short-term memory ceases, the memory ____________________________________________________________ e. Long-term memory changes __________________________________ in ways that __________________________________________________ f. Memory consolidation is _____________________________________ 6. Motor Areas a. The primary motor areas are located ____________________________ ____________________________________________________________ b. Impulses transmitted from the primary motor are responsible for _____ ____________________________________________________________ c. Broca’s area is located __________________________________ and is responsible for ________________________________________________ d. Broca’s area is usually found in the ___________________ hemisphere. e. The frontal eye field is located ____________________________ and is responsible for ________________________________________________ E. Basal Nuclei 1. The basal nuclei are _______________________________________________ and are called ______________________________________________________ 2. The basal nuclei relay _________________________________________ into __________________________________________________________________ 3. The basal nuclei produce most of the _________________________________ in the nervous system. 4. Impulses from the basal nuclei function to _____________________________ __________________________________________________________________ 11-9 F. Diencephalon 1. The diencephalon is located _________________________________________ 2. The various parts of the diencephalon are ______________________________ __________________________________________________________________ 3. The thalamus is a selective gateway for _______________________________ __________________________________________________________________ 4. The thalamus receives most sensory impulses and channels them to _________ __________________________________________________________________ 5. The hypothalamus regulates ________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ 6. The limbic system consists of _______________________________________ _______________________________ and controls _______________________ __________________________________________________________________ G. Brain Stem 1. Introduction a. The brain stem connects ______________________________________ b. The brain stem consists of ____________________________________ c. Nuclei of the brain stem are ___________________________________ 2. Midbrain a. The midbrain is between _____________________________________ b. The cerebral aqueduct is _____________________________________ c. Corpora quadrigemina are ____________________________________ d. The superior colliculi contain centers for ________________________ e. The inferior colliculi contain centers for _________________________ f. The red nucleus is ______________________________________ and is important for _________________________________________________ 3. Pons a. The pons is located __________________________________________ b. The dorsal portion of the pons largely consists of fibers that relay impulses to and from ___________________________________________ c. The ventral portion consists of fibers that relay impulses from ________ 11-10 ___________________ to _____________________________________ d. Several nuclei of the pons relay sensory information to _____________ ____________________________________________________________ e. The pons also regulates ___________________________ of breathing. 4. Medulla Oblongata a. The medulla oblongata is located _______________________________ b. The olive of the medulla oblongata is ___________________________ ____________________________________________________________ c. The visceral activities controlled by the medulla oblongata are _______ ____________________________________________________________ d. Nonvital reflexes regulated by the medulla oblongata are____________ ____________________________________________________________ 5. Reticular Formation a. The reticular formation is _____________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ b. The reticular formation activates _______________________________ into a state of _________________________________________________ c. _______________________ of the reticular formation results in sleep. d. The reticular formation also filters _____________________________ e. The reticular formation also regulates motor activities so that ________ ____________________________________________________________ 6. Types of Sleep a. The two types of sleep are ____________________________________ b. Slow-wave sleep occurs when _________________________________ and it reflects _________________________________________________ c. Slow-wave sleep is accompanied by reduced _____________________ ____________________________________________________________ d. REM sleep is ______________________________________________ H. Cerebellum 1. The cerebellum is located __________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ 11-11 2. The falx cerebelli is _______________________________________________ 3. The vermis is ____________________________________________________ 4. The cerebellar cortex is ____________________________________________ 5. The arbor vitae is _________________________________________________ 6. The largest and most important nucleus of the cerebellum is _______________ __________________________________________________________________ 7. Cerebellar peduncles are ___________________________________________ 8. Inferior peduncles bring ____________________________________________ __________________________ to ____________________________________ 11-12 9. The middle peduncles transmit impulses from __________________________ ____________________________ to __________________________________ 10. The superior peduncles sends ______________________________________ impulses to ________________________________________________________ 11. Overall, the cerebellum functions to _________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ VII. Peripheral Nervous System A. Introduction 1. The peripheral nervous system consists of _____________________________ __________________________________________________________________ 2. The somatic nervous system consists of _______________________________ __________________________________________________________________ 3. The autonomic nervous system consists of _____________________________ __________________________________________________________________ B. Structure of Peripheral Nerves 1. A peripheral nerve consists of _______________________________________ 2. Epineurium is ____________________________________________________ 3. Perineurium is ___________________________________________________ 4. Endoneurium is __________________________________________________ C. Nerve Fiber Classification 1. Sensory nerves are ________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ 2. Motor nerves are _________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ 3. Mixed nerves are _________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ 4. Cranial nerves are ________________________________________________ 5. Spinal nerves are _________________________________________________ 6. General somatic efferent fibers carry __________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ 11-13 7. General visceral efferent fibers carry __________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ 8. General somatic afferent fibers carry __________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ 9. General visceral afferent fibers carry __________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ 10. Special somatic efferent fibers carry _________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ 11. Special visceral afferent fibers carry _________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ 12. Special somatic afferent fibers carry _________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ D. Cranial Nerves 1. Cranial nerves arise from ___________________________________________ 2. Cranial nerves are designated by _____________________________________ 3. The olfactory nerve functions to _____________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ 4. The optic nerve functions to ________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ 5. The oculomotor nerve functions to ___________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ 6. The trochlear nerve functions to _____________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ 7. The three divisions of the trigeminal nerve are __________________________ __________________________________________________________________ 8. The ophthalmic division functions to _________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ 9. The maxillary division functions to ___________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ 10. The mandibular division functions to ________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ 11-14 11. The abducens nerve functions to ____________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ 12. The facial nerve functions to _______________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ 13. The two branches of the vestibulocochlear nerve are ____________________ __________________________________________________________________ 14. The vestibular branch functions to ___________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ 15. The cochlear branch functions to ____________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ 16. The glossopharyngeal nerve functions to _____________________________ __________________________________________________________________ 17. The vagus nerve functions to _______________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ 18. The branches of the accessory nerve are ______________________________ 19. The cranial branch functions to _____________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ 20. The spinal branch functions to ______________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ 21. The hypoglossal nerve functions to __________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ E. Spinal Nerves 1. Introduction a. There are________________________________ pairs of spinal nerves. b. All spinal nerves are ___________ nerves and they provide _________ ____________________________________________________________ c. There are______________________________ pairs of cervical nerves. d. There are _____________________________ pairs of thoracic nerves. e. There are_______________________________ pairs of lumbar nerves. f. There are ________________________________ pairs of sacral nerves. g. There is_______________________________pair of coccygeal nerves. 11-15 h. The adult spinal cord ends at the level of ________________________ ____________________________________________________________ i. The cauda equina is__________________________________________ j. Each spinal nerve emerges from the cord by ______________________ k. The dorsal root ganglion contains ______________________________ ____________________________________________________________ l. ________________________________ extend through the dorsal root. m. A dermatome is ____________________________________________ n. The ventral root consists of ___________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ o. A ventral root and dorsal root unite to form ______________________ p. A meningeal branch of a spinal nerve supplies ____________________ ____________________________________________________________ q. A posterior branch of a spinal nerve supplies _____________________ ____________________________________________________________ r. An anterior branch of a spinal nerve supplies _____________________ ____________________________________________________________ s. A plexus is ________________________________________________ t. In a plexus, fibers of various ___________________________________ are sorted and ________________________________________________ 2. Cervical Plexuses a. The cervical plexus is located _________________________________ b. The cervical plexus is formed by _______________________________ c. Fibers from the cervical plexus supply __________________________ ____________________________________________________________ d. The phrenic nerve conducts impulses to _________________________ 3. Brachial Plexuses a. The brachial plexus is located _________________________________ b. The brachial plexus is formed by _______________________________ c. The major branches emerging from the brachial plexus are __________ ____________________________________________________________ 11-16 d. The musculocutaneous nerves supply ___________________________ ____________________________________________________________ e. The ulnar nerves supply ______________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ f. The radial nerves supply ______________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ g. The median nerves supply ____________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ h. The axillary nerves supply ____________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ 4. Lumbosacral Plexuses a. The lumbosacral plexus is located ______________________________ ____________________________________________________________ b. The lumbosacral plexus is formed by ___________________________ c. The major branches of the lumbosacral plexus are _________________ ____________________________________________________________ d. The obturator nerves supply___________________________________ e. The femoral nerves supply ____________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ f. The sciatic nerves supply _____________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ g. The anterior branches of thoracic spinal nerves do not enter a ________ __________________________________ ; instead these branches become ________________________ that supply _________________________ ____________________________________________________________ 11-17 VIII. Autonomic Nervous System A. Introduction 1. The autonomic nervous system controls _______________________________ __________________________________________________________________ 2. The autonomic nervous system functions without___________________ effort. B. General Characteristics 1. The two divisions of the autonomic nervous system are ___________________ __________________________________________________________________ 2. The sympathetic division prepares the body for _________________________ __________________________________________________________________ 3. The parasympathetic division is most active during ______________________ __________________________________________________________________ C. Autonomic Nerve Fibers 1. All nerve neurons of the autonomic nervous system are ___________________ 2. In the autonomic system, motor pathways include _______________________ 3. A preganglionic fiber is ____________________________________________ 4. A postganglionic fiber is ___________________________________________ 5. A preganglionic fiber synapses with __________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ 6. A postganglionic fiber synapses with _________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ D. Sympathetic Division 1. In the sympathetic division, the preganglionic fibers originate ______________ __________________________________________________________________ 2. In the sympathetic division, the preganglionic fibers leave the spinal nerves through ___________________________ and enter ________________________ 3. Paravertebral ganglia are located _____________________________________ 4. The sympathetic trunks are _________________________________________ 5. The collateral ganglia are located ____________________________________ 6. Typically a preganglionic axon of the sympathetic nervous system synapses with ______________________________________________________________ 11-18 7. In the sympathetic division, the postganglionic fibers extend _______________ _________________________ to _____________________________________ 8. Gray rami are ____________________________________________________ E. Parasympathetic Division 1. The preganglionic fibers of the parasympathetic division arise from _________ __________________________________________________________________ 2. The preganglionic fibers of the parasympathetic division lead to ____________ that are located _____________________________________________________ 3. The ______________ postganlionic fibers of the parasympathetic division lead __________________________________________________________________ 4. ______________________________________ are usually myelinated and the _____________________________________________ are usually unmyelinated. F. Autonomic Neurotransmitters 1. The different postganglionic neurotransmitters are responsible for __________ __________________________________________________________________ 2. The preganglionic neurons of the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions secrete ________________________ and are called ________________________ 3. The parasympathetic postganglionic neurons are _______________________ . 4. Most sympathetic postganglionic neurons secrete __________________ and are called _____________________________________________________________ 5. Sympathetic tone is _______________________________________________ G. Actions of Autonomic Neurotransmitters 1. The actions of autonomic neurotransmitters result from ___________________ __________________________________________________________________ 2. Two types of cholinergic receptors are ________________________________ 3. Muscarinic receptors are located _____________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ 4. Nicotinic receptors are located_______________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ 5. Responses from muscarinic receptors are ______________________________ __________________________________________________________________ 11-19 6. Responses from nicotinic receptors are ________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ 7. The two major types of adrenergic receptors are _________________________ 8. Acetylcholinesterase decomposes ____________________________________ H. Control of Autonomic Activity 1. The autonomic nervous system is largely controlled by ___________________ __________________________________________________________________ 2. The limbic system and cerebral cortex control the autonomic nervous system during ____________________________________________________________ IX. Life-Span Changes A. Apoptosis is ____________________________________________________ and first occurs during _____________________________________________________________ B. By age __________________________________ , the die-off of neurons accelerates. C. Over an average lifetime, the brain shrinks by about ___________________________ D. With aging, the numbers of dendritic branches and amounts of neurotransmitters ____ ________________________________________________________________________ E. Noticeable signs of a normally aging nervous system include ____________________ ________________________________________________________________________ F. Decline in function of the sympathetic nervous system may cause ________________ ________________________________________________________________________ G. Changes in sleep patterns reflect ___________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 11-20