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1.
Title:
Antagonism of the serotonin-induced contraction of the rat anococcygeus
muscle by verapamil, diltiazem and cyproheptadine. Eur. J. Pharmac. 183,
2433-2434, 1990.
Author:
Adeyemi O.O., Idris A.B
Abstract:
Serotonin (5-Hydroxytryptamine [5-HT]) produces contraction of the rat
anococcygeus muscle via direct stimulation of the 5-HT2 receptors and
indirectly by releasing noradrenaline at nerve endings (Oriowo, 1981).
Verapamil and methoxy-verapamil (calcium antagonists) have also been
shown to possess receptor blocking activities in some tissues like the
isolated rabbit aorta (August et al, 1986). This study was undertaken to
determine whether verapamil and diltiazem competitively antagonize the
5-HT receptor of the rat anococcygeus muscle and to compare their effects
with that of cyproheptadine, a potent 5-HT antagonist in smooth muscles
(Stone et al 1961).
5-HT (2.50 x 10-6 M to 2.0 x 10-4 M) contracted the rat anococcygeus in a
dose-dependent manner. Verapamil (3 x 10-10 M to 3 x 10-8 M), diltiazem
(2 x 10-10 M to 2 x 10-8 M) and cyproheptadlne (2 x 10-10 M to 2 x 10-8 M)
inhibited the 5-HT-induced contraction of the rat anococcygeus muscle.
The mean pA2 values obtained were 8.31 ± 0.21, 7.80 ± 0.20 and 8.16 ±
0.16 for verapamil, diltiazem and cyproheptadine respectively. The values
of the slopes of Schild plots were 0.52 ± 0.001, 0.36 ± 0.05 and 0.48 ±
0.10 respectively for verapamil,diltiazem and cyproheptadine.
The mean pA2 values for verapamil, diltiazem and cyproheptadine did not
differ significantly from each other (Student’s‘t’ test). The mean values of
the slopes of Schild plots were significantly different from 1 indicating
that the drugs non-competitively inhibited the serotonin-induced
contraction of the rat anococcygeus muscle.
The results suggest that verapamil, diltiazem and cyproheptadine produced
non-competitive antagonism of the 5-HT action probably by affecting the
same mechanism. The mechanism may involve the 5-HT2 receptors as
well as calcium ion movement on the smooth muscle of the rat
anococcygeus.
2.
Title:
Partial purification and biochemical characterization of
pharmacologically active principle from the aqueous leaf extract of Lippia
multiflora (Moldenke) W.Afr. J. Pharmac. Drug Res. Vol. 9, 59-64 1990
Author:
C.S. Okehie, O.O. Adeyemi, R.O. Okotore.
Abstract:
The aqueous extract of dried leaves of Lippia multiflora (Moldenke) was
partially purified and characterized using biochemical techniques.
Chromatography of the aqueous extract on Sephadex G-50 afforded two
major distinct fractions of peaks I and II which caused inhibition of the
stimulated vas deferens of rat.
The analytical data of these fractions indicated protein content of 60 mg/g
and 150 mg/g of dry starting material respectively. The total carbohydrate
contents were estimated as 2.0 mg/g and 34 mg/g of dry material. The
amino acid analysis of acid hydrolyzate of the chromatographic fractions
by thin-layer chromatography revealed the presence of eleven amino acid
residues. Sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS) polyacrylamide gel
electrophoresis of the two fractions gave single protein bands in each case.
The estimated molecular weights of the bands were respectively 5,300 ±
300 daltons and 4,200 ± 200 daltons for the components.
These findings suggest that the active principles in the aqueous extract of
L. multiflora possibly contain low molecular weight peptides or
glycopeptides.
3.
Title:
Neuromuscular effects of the aqueous extract of Baphia nitida. Planta
Med. 57, supplement issue 2, A46-A47, 1991.
Author:
O.O. Adeyemi, A. Ogunmakinde
Abstract:
Baphia nitida lodd. (Papillionaceae) is found growing widely throughout
the evergreen forest of West Africa (1). Various parts of the plant have
been used in traditional medicine in Nigeria (2). The pharmacological
activities of the aqueous extract of the leaves have been investigated on
different isolated tissue preparations in our laboratory (3). Here, the results
of the effects of the aqueous extract on neuromuscular transmission using
the isolated toad rectus abdominis and rat phrenic nerve-diaphragm
muscle preparations are reported. The leaves of B. nitida used in this study
were obtained from Agege area of Lagos State, Nigeria. The leaves were
macerated and extracted in cold water as prepared locally for traditional
medicinal use. A stock solution made equivalent to 250mg/ml of crude
extract was used in the experiments.
The extract (5 to 100mg/ml) produced a dose dependent non-competitve
inhibition of acetylchohne (ACH) and KCI-induced contractures of the
isolated toad rectus abdominis.
The inhibitory effects on ACH- induced contracture was enhanced by
physostigmine (1.0 mg/ml).
The extract (5 to 100mg/ml) also produced a dose dependent inhibition of
responses of the rat diaphragm muscle to both nerve-induced stimulation
via the phrenic nerve and direct electrical stimulation. The effect of the
extract on both nerve and muscle stimulation were not reversed but
potentiated by physostigmine. The inhibition was also potentiated by 1.0
mg/ml d-tubocurarine.
The depressant effect of the extract on both nerve and muscle stimulation
was reversed by 40mM CaCl.2 The extract also inhibited tetanic (60Hz)
nerve and muscle stimulation of the phrenic nerve-diaphragm muscle
preparation in a dose-dependent manner. Preliminary phytochemical
screening (4) carried out showed the presence of tannins and alkaloids in
the extract.
The results indicate that the aqueous extract of B. nitida possesses noncompetitive skeletal neuromuscular blocking effects. The reversal of the
effect on the phrenic nerve-diaphragm preparation by CaCl2 may indicate
an interference with Ca2+ in skeletal muscle.
4.
Title:
Effect of aqueous extract of Baphia nitida on isolated cardiac tissues.
Phytotherapy Res. Vol. 6, 318-321, 1992
Author:
O.O. Adeyemi
Absract:
The pharmacological action of cold aqueous extract of fresh leaves of
Baphia nitida was studied on cardiac preparations. The extract (5.0 x 10-3
g mL) reduced the rate and force of contraction of the isolated rabbit heart.
The rate and force of contraction of the spontaneously beating rat atria was
dose-dependently reduced by 5.0 x10-4 g/mL of the extract and this effect
was not antagonized by 3.45 x 10-7 M atropine. The extract (5.0 x 10-2 g
mL) completely blocked the positive chronotropic and intropic effects of
10 mM CaCl2 but only reduced that of 1.61 x 10-7 M isoprenaline. The
effect of the extract on CaCl2-induced responses of the rat atria was not
affected by 3 x 10-7 M propranolol. The use of this extract for treating
palpitation locally may be related to its negative chronotropic and intropic
effects.
5.
Title:
Non-specific smooth muscle relaxant and calcium antagonist activity of
‘Nacu Tea’: A Viscum album preparation. Nig. Qt. J. Hosp. Med. Vol 6
(3), July-Sept. ’96.
Author:
O.O Adeyemi, S.O. Okpo, S.R. Adepoju.
Absract:
The effect of the aqueous leaf extract of a Viscum album preparation
(Nacu Tea) on various isolated smooth muscles of the gastrointestinal tract
were investigated. The extract produced a concentration-dependent, noncompetitive inhibition of the contractions induced by acetylcholine (1.10x
10-8-1.10x 10-6M) and histamine (1-09x 10-8-1.09x10-6M) on the guinea
pig ileum. The extract (1-4mg/ml) also exhibited a concentration
dependent non-competitive inhibitory action on calcium chloride (0.5-
20mM) induced contraction of the rat duodenum. Histamine-induced
contractions were inhibited more by the extract than those of cetylcholine.
The Viscum album aqueous extract inhibited, in a dose dependent manner,
the contractions induced by CaCl2(0.5-10mM) on the guinea-pig taenia
coli. The effect of the extract on CaCl2 induced contractions was more
pronounced on the rat duodenum than the guinea-pig taenia coli. Guineapig taenia coli muscles precontracted with KCI (40mM) and BaCl2 (2mM)
were dose-dependently relaxed by the extract (0.5-8mg/ml), the effect on
KCl-induced contraction being more pronounced than on BaCl2-induced
contraction.
The extract (0.5-8mg/ml), added cumulatively. produced a dose-dependent
inhibition of the spontaneous electrical activity of the isolated rabbit
jejunum. The spontaneous activity of the jejunum was completely
abolished at the highest dose of the extract. The spontaneous activity was,
however, restored by adding 40mm CaCl2 in the presence of the extract. A
similar effect was obtained using the rat duodenum at the same doses of
the extract. The adrenoceptor antagonists – phentolamine (2.65 x10-5),
yohimbine (5.12 x 10-5M) and propranolol (3.38 x 10-5M) – had no effect
on all the direct actions of the extract on the rat duodenum.
The results indicated a non-specific relaxant and a possible calcium
antagonist activity of Viscum album aqueous extract on the isolated
smooth muscles of the gastrointestinal tract used. This action may account
for some of the uses of the Viscum album preparation, ‘Nacu Tea’ in
traditional medicine.
6.
Title:
Effects of Crinum glaucum Aqueous Extract on Intestinal Smooth Muscle
Activity. Phytotherapy Res. Vol 12, 413-416,1998.
Author:
S.O. Okpo, O.O. Adeyemi.
Abstract:
Crinum glaucum aqueous extract (1-8mg/mL) produced a concentration
dependent, non-competitive inhibition of contractions induced by
acetylcholine (1.1 x 10-8-3.3 x 10-7M) and calcium chloride (CaCl2, 0.05-2
mM) on the rat duodenum. Contractions of the guinea-pig ileum induced
by acetylcholine (1.1 x 10-8-3.3 x10-7M) and histamine (1.1 x 10-8-3.3 x
10-7M) were inhibited by the extract (1-4mg/mL). The extract (0.1252.0mg/mL) also, produced a concentration dependent relaxation of the
guinea-pig taenia coli, precontracted with potassium chloride (40mM).
It is concluded that extracted is a non-specific relaxant of the
gastrointestinal smooth muscles used.
7.
Title:
Biological Activity of Crinum glaucum Aqueous Extract. NaunynSchmied. Arch. Pharmacol. 358 (1) Suppl. 2,1998.
Author:
S.O. Okpo, O.O. Adeyemi
Abstract:
Crinum glaucum (family: Amaryllidaceae) is a bulbous plant widely used
in traditional medicine for the treatment of various ailments in certain
regions of West Africa, especially in the South West of Nigeria (Burkhill,
1985). No literature is available on the pharmacological activities of this
species of Crinum. We report here some of the results of our investigation
of the biological activities of Crinum glaucum aqueous extract .The crude
aqueous extract (1-8mg/ml) produced an initial transient relaxation and a
concentration-dependent inhibition of spontaneous contractions of the
isolated rabbit jejunum and rat duodenum, which was completely
abolished at the highest concentration of the extract. This effect was,
however, restored on addition of CaCI2 (4mM), but antagonized by
propranolol (6.8 x 10-3M). Pretreatment of the rabbit jejunum with extract
(4mg/ml) blocked the restoration of spontaneous contractions produced by
CaCI2, in a calcium-free Tyrode solution, an effect similar to that of
verapamil (3 x 10-3M). The extract (1-16mg/ml) also produced a
significant non-competitive, concentration-dependent and rightward shift
of noradrenaline (10-9 - 4 x 10-7M) and KCI (10-80mM) concentration
response curves on the rat proximal aorta. Also, the extract (1-8mg/ml)
produced a concentration-dependent relaxation of the aorta precontracted
with noradrenaline (10-7M) and KCI (40mM). The LD50 of the extract,
when administered intraperitoneally and orally, in mice, were 118.2mg/kg
and 1420mg/kg respectively. Preliminary phytochemical analysis revealed
the presence of flavonoids, reducing sugars and alkaloids.
8.
Title:
The relaxant activity of the methanolic extract of Acanthus montanus on
intestinal smooth muscles. J.of Ethnopharmacology 68, 169-173, 1999.
Author:
O.O. Adeyemi, S.O. Okpo, C.C. Young-Nwafor
Abstract:
The effects of the methanolic extract of Acanthus montanus on different
smooth muscle preparations have been investigated. The extract (6.25100mg/ml) produced a concentration-dependent relaxation and inhibition
of the spontaneous contraction of the rabbit jejunum which was reversed
by CaCl2 (0.1-1mM). This effect of the extract was blocked by
propranolol (3x10-7M) but partially antagonized by phentolamine (10-63x10-6 M), procaine (10-3M) and methylene blue (10-5M). The extract also
caused a concentration-dependent relaxation of the KCl-precontracted
taenia coli of the guinea-pig which was partially blocked by propranolol
(3x10-5M) that completely blocked isoprenaline (10-8-3x10-4M) relaxation
of the tissue. Methylene blue (10-5M) and procaine (10-3M) completely
blocked the direct relaxant effects of the extract and isoprenaline on the
guinea-pig taenia coli. The extract (0.1-1mg/ml) shifted the concentrationresponse curves of CaCl2 to the right in a concentration-dependent manner
on the guinea- pig taenia coli. These effects of the extract suggest a non
specific smooth muscle relaxant activity.
9.
Title:
Cardiovascular effects of the crude extract of Manihot Esculenta Crantz
(Cassava) in animal models. W. Afr. J. Pharmacol. Drug Res. Vol. 15
(Nos 1&2) Jan-Dec. 44-47, 1999.
Author:
Emeka, P.M., Akintonwa, A., Adeyemi O.O., Adegunloye, B.J.
Abstract:
The effect of crude juice extract of parenchyma of cassava on blood
pressure, heart rate and ECG has been investigated in rats and dogs
anaesthetized with 5ml/kg of 25% urethane. The blood pressure and heart
rate were recorded from cannulated femoral artery. Intravenous injection
of the extract caused significant fall in the systolic and diastolic pressures
as well as heart rate. The ECG showed a prolongation of RR interval.
When the rats were injected with 100mg/kg of the extract, there was
pronounced bradycardia which resulted in cardiac arrest and death of more
than 50% of the animals. Injections of the extract after intravenous
administration of atropine reduced the bradycardia effect, but not the
hypotensive effect. Intravenous and intracarotid injection of the extract
after vagotomy resulted in sustained increase in the blood pressure and
heart rate. The results of this study suggest that cassava crude extract,
parenchyma juice, has a vagal medicated cardio-inhibitory activity in
animals.
10.
Title:
Pharmacological effects of Manihot Esculenta Crantz (Cassava Extracts).
W. Afr. J. Pharmacol. Drug Res. Vol. 16 (Nos 1&2) Jan-Dec. 46-51, 2000.
Author:
Emeka, P.M., Akintonwa, A., Adeyemi, O.O.
Abstract:
Juice and cold/hot water extracts, freshly prepared from roots, peel and
leaves of three varieties (Tms 30572, Tms 4(2) 1425 and MS-6) of
Manihot esculenta crantz produced contractions on rat stomach strip and
rat vas deferens. Relaxation were seen on guinea pig ileum and rabbit
jejunum. The effects on the former were blocked by atropine while a
biphasic effect was seen with the latter. Propranolol, phenoxybezamine
and mepyramine did not block the relaxant effects on the tissues. Effects
of acetylcholine induced contractions were potentiated in the presence of
extract. While potassium cyanide (KCN) gave a biphasic response,
however no antagonism was observed. There were significant reductions
in spontaneous locomotor activity (SLA) with parenchyma and peel juice
of all the varieties in mice. Cold leaf extract also produced reductions in
SLA, while hot leaf extract of Tms 4(2) 1425 and MS-6 produced
significant increase in SLA. There was a potentiation of sleeping time in
pentobarbitone sodium induced sleep also in mice.
11.
Title:
Anticonvulsant Activity of Dalbergia saxatilis. Nigerian Journal of
Neuroscience.4,33- 40, 2001.
Author:
O.K. Yemitan, A.M. Ajibade, O.O. Adeyemi
Abstract:
The central nervous system (CNS) depressant activity of the root extract
of Dalbergia saxatilis was investigated by testing the effects of the extract
on three animal models strychnine and picrotoxin induced convulsions,
pentobarbitone sleeping time and exploratory behaviour in animals. The
extract protected the animals from strychnine and picrotoxin induced
convulsion. A prolongation of pentobarbitone sleeping time as well as
suppression of exploratory behaviour similar to that caused by
chlorpromazine were obtained with the extract. Preliminary phytochemical
investigation of the root extract indicated the presence of glycosides, oils,
saponins, reducing sugar, soluble carbohydrates, tannins and phenols.
12.
Title:
Analgesic and anti-inflammatory activity of Crinum glaucum aqueous
extract. J. of Ethnopharmacology, 78, 207-211, 2001.
Author:
S.O. Okpo, F. Fatokun, O.O. Adeyemi
Abstract:
The anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects of the aqueous extract of
Crinum glaucum were evaluated in mice and rats using the carrageenan
and dextran-induced paw oedema, acetic acid-induced writhing, cold
water tail flick and formalin pain tests. The extract (100-400mg/kg) and
acetylsalicylic acid (100mg/kg) produced significant (P<0.05) inhibition
of the second phase response in the formalin pain model, while only the
high dose (400mg/kg) of the extract showed an antinociceptive effect in
the first phase. The extract also showed a dose-dependent inhibition of
acetic acid-induced abdominal writhes. The tail flick latency was dose
dependently enhanced by the extract but this was significantly (P<0.05)
lower than that produced by morphine (2mg/kg). The extract (125500mg/kg) administered l h before or after carrageenan-induced paw
swelling produced a dose dependent inhibition of the oedema. No effect
was observed with the dextran-induced oedema model. The data obtained
suggest that the anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects of the extract may
be medicated via both peripheral and central mechanisms.
13.
Title:
The Antianaphylactic effects of Crinum glaucum aqueous. Extract. J.of
Ethnopharmacology, 81, 187-190, 2002.
Author:
S.O. Okpo, O.O. Adeyemi
Abstract:
The aqueous extract of Crinum glaucum was evaluated for its effects on
antigen and histamine induced contraction of the ileum and on mediator
release from the lungs of sensitized guinea pigs. The results show that the
extract dose dependently inhibited the contractions induced by antigen and
histamine in vitro and in vivo. The extract also inhibited, in a dosedependent manner, the quantity of mediators antigenically released from
the lungs and reduced the mepyramine resistant activity from the lungs.
The results obtained indicate that the extract possesses antianaphylactic
properties, which may account for its use as an antiasthmatic in traditional
medicine.
14.
Title:
The Anti-allergic effects of Crinum glaucum aqueous extract.
Phytomedicine, 9, 438-441, 2002.
Author:
S.O. Okpo, O.O. Adeyemi
Abstract:
The aqueous extract of Crinum glaucum was investigated for its effects on
rat passive cutaneous anaphylactic reaction, rat peritoneal mast cell
degranulation and allergic bronchoconstriction in the guinea pig.
The extract demonstrated a significant (P<0.05) reduction in area of dye
leakage. The extract, administered for five days, inhibited mast cell
degranulation of normal and passively sensitized rats induced by dextran
and antigen.
Allergic bronchoconstriction in actively sensitized guinea pigs was
inhibited by the extract. The effects of the extract observed were
comparable to those of sodium cromoglycate
These results substantiate the efficacy of the extract in treatment of
asthma, in traditional medicine.
15.
Title:
Analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects of the aqueous extract of leaves
of Persea Americana Mill (Lauraceae). Fitoterapia 73,375-380, 2002.
Author:
O.O. Adeyemi, S.O. Okpo, O.O. Ogunti
Abstract:
The aqueous extract of Persea Americana leaves produced a dosedependent inhibition of both phases of formalin pain test in mice, a
reduction in mouse writhing induced by acetic acid and an elevation of
pain threshold in the hot plate test in mice. The extract also produced a
dose-dependent inhibition of carrageenan-induced rat paw oedema. The
results obtained indicated that the extract possesses analgesic and antiinflammatory effects.
16.
Title:
Gastrointestinal Activity of the Aqueous Extract of a Nigerian Polyherbal
Preparation. W. Afr. J. Pharmacol. Drug Res. Vol. 19. (Nos 1&2), 22-27,
Jan-Dec. 2003.
Author:
O.O. Adeyemi, S.O. Okpo, A.A. Adesanya
Abstract:
The pharmacological effect of a polyherbal preparation, an aqueous
extract of the plants; Aristolochia albida, Aristolochia regen, Syzygium
aromaticum, Morinda morindoides. Cassia fistula, used in the South West
of Nigeria for gastrointestinal disturbances and diarrhoea was evaluated.
The results obtained showed that the extract (10-50mg/kg) produced a
dose dependent and significant (p<0.05) decrease in propulsion, in both
normal and castor oil induced intestinal transit, in mice. This effect was
neither antagonized by yohimbine (1mg/kg s.c) nor isosorbide dinitrate
(IDN, 150mg/kg, oral). It produced a significant decrease in the frequency
of defaecation, severity of diarrhoea and afforded protection from
diarrhoea in mice treated with castor oil. This effect was not antagonized
by IDN. The effects of aqueous extract on intestinal transit and castor oil
induced diarrhoea were dose dependent and biphasic with the greatest
effect at 25mg/kg. Also, the aqueous extract (25mg/kg) significantly
(p<0.05) inhibited the castor oil-induced intraluminal fluid accumulation
with no effect on the weight of intestinal content. The results indicate that
the aqueous extract possesses significant anti-diarrhoeal activity due to its
inhibitory effect both on gastro-intestinal propulsion and fluid secretion
and this effect is not medicated through the adrenergic system or nitric
oxide pathway.
17.
Title:
Anxiolytic and Muscle-relaxant Activities of Dalbergia saxatilis. W. Afr.
J. Pharmacol. Drug Res. Vol. 19. (Nos 1&2), 42-46, Jan-Dec. 2003.
Author:
Yemitan, O. K.,O.O. Adeyemi.
Abstract:
There are claims by herbal practitioners in Nigeria that the aqueous root
decoction of Dalbergia saxatilis (DS) produces sleep as a consequence of
its use in anxiety and tension. Moreover, some scientific evidence suggests
a link between epilepsy and anxiety. We have reported the sedative and
anti-convulsant effects of DS. In this study, the anxiolytic effect of DS
was investigated using the Elevated Plus Maze (EPM) and Y-Maze (YM)
models of anxiety. DS (50, 100 or 200mg/kg), diazepam (1mg/kg) or
distilled water was administered orally, 30min or 90min. before
performing the tests in mice. The cumulative time spent in open and
closed arms was recorded within 5 min. To test for muscle relaxant effect,
DS (50, 100 or 200mg/kg), diazepam (1mg/kg) or distilled water was
given orally, 30min. before subjecting mice to various modified models
such as Chimney, Inclined-screen, Traction and Climbing tests. Results
showed significant increases in cumulative time spent in open arms when
test was carried out 30min post-treatment with DS, but spent longer time
than those given diazepam when test was carried out at 90min posttreatment in the open arms of both EPM and YM. A significant doserelated decrease in muscle tone was shown by the Chimney, Inclined
screen and Climbing tests, but not in the Traction test. The results suggest
that DS has anxiolytic and muscle-relaxant activities.
18.
Title:
Toxicity Studies of the Aqueous Root Extract of Lecaniodiscus
cupanioides. Nigerian J. of Health & Biomedical Sciences. Vol. 3. No. 1,
20-23, Jan-June. 2004.
Author:
Yemitan, O. K.,O.O. Adeyemi.
Abstract:
The aqueous root extract of Lecaniodiscus cupanioides was used to study
the toxicity pattern of the plant. The extract was found to be non-toxic up
to 20g/kg, when given by the oral route to mice within 24h and for
additional 14days. Acute (24h, i.p.) toxicity test, however, produced a
dose dependent mortality with LD50 of 455.2±3.6 mg/kg. Subchronic
(45 days) oral toxicity tests in rats did not show any mortality, and there
was no significant (P<0.05) change in body weight compared to the
control. Feeding habit and water intake did not change, at the doses tested
– 80mg/kg, 400mg/kg & 2g/kg, throughout the study. No significant
(P<0.05) change in weight of vital organs such as the liver, kidneys, heart
and spleen was recorded. But a significant increase in the weight of lungs
was produced at 2g/kg of the extract. Also, an insignificant decrease in the
weight of the liver was produced as the doses increased. Haematological
studies revealed a significant (p<0.05) reduction in red blood cell (RBC) at
400mg/kg and 2g/kg, but no significant change in percentage packed cell
volume (PCV%) and haemoglobin (Hb) were noted. The mean
corpuscular haemoglobin (MCH) and mean corpuscular volume (MCV)
were also not affected significantly (P<0.05). Moreover, an insignificant
(P<0.05) reduction of WBC was recorded in all the doses tested.
Differential WBC counts revealed a significant (p<0.05) decrease in
neutrophil at 2g/kg and monocytes at all doses. Biochemical parameters
such as serum aspartate amino transferase (AST), alanine amino
transferase (ALT), serum alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and uric acid levels
were also not significantly (P<0.05) altered compared with the control.
The results showed that the extract is not potentially toxic, even when
taken chronically, justifying its use in traditional medicine.
19.
Title:
The analgesic effect of the methanolic extract of Acanthus montanus.
J.of Ethnopharmacology. 90, 45-48, 2004.
Author:
O.O. Adeyemi, S.O. Okpo, O. Okpala.
Abstract:
The analgesic effect of the methanolic leaf extract of Acanthus montanus
was studied in rats using the cold water tail flick assay, and in mice using
the tail immersion, tail clip, acetic acid induced writhing and formalin pain
tests. The results showed dose-dependent and significant (P<0.05)
increases in pain threshold, at 60 min post treatment, with doses of 200
and 400mg/kg of the extract in tail flick, tail immersion and tail clip
methods. The effects of the extract were significantly (P<0.05) lower than
those produced by morphine (10mg/kg) in the same tests. The extract
(100-400mg/kg) exhibited a dose-dependent inhibition of writhing and
also showed a significant (P<0.001) inhibition of both phase of the
formalin pain test, but a less intense effect on the first than on the second
phase. The results indicate that the analgesic effect of Acanthus montanus
methanolic extract is both centrally and peripherally medicated.
20.
Title:
Author:
Analgesic activity of the aqueous root extract of Lecaniodiscus
cupanioides. W.Afr. J. Pharmacol. Drug Res. Vol. 20( Nos.1&2) 10-14,
Jan-Dec. 2004.
Adeyemi O.O., Yemitan O.K., Adeogun O.O.
Abstract:
21.
Title:
Lecaniodiscus cupanioides is a medicinal plant that is widely used in folk
medicine in West Africa. In Nigeria, the aqueous root extract of
Lecaniodiscus cupanioides (LC) is reported to be effective against various
ailments, including inflammatory conditions and hepatomegaly.
Moreover, there are claims by herbal medical practitioners in Nigeria that
LC is useful against acute and chronic pain, and that it is safe. This study
reports the analgesic action of LC. The analgesic effect of LC (100400mg/kg, p.o.) was investigated in rodents using various pain models
such as hot plate, formalin-induced pain, tail immersion, tail clip and
writhing test in mice, as well as tail flick test in rats. The results showed
that LC produced a significant (P<0.05) prolongation of the reaction times
in the hot-plate, tail immersion, tail flick and tail clip tests and
significantly and dose-dependently produced an increased pain threshold
in both the first and second phases of the formalin pain test. In the
writhing test, LC significantly inhibited writhing frequency. In all these
models, with exception of tail clip and the first phase of formalin-induced
pain tests, LC (400mg/kg) produced effects comparable (P<0.05, t-test) to
the standard reference drugs, aspirin or morphine. The results indicated
that LC has a potent analgesic action, medicated centrally and
peripherally, justifying its use in the management of pain in traditional
African medicine.
Anti-inflammatory Activity of the Methanolic Extract of Acanthus
montanus. W.Afr. J. Pharmacol. Drug Res. Vol. 21 (Nos. 1&2) 13-17,
Jan-Dec. 2005.
Author:
Adeyemi O.O., Okpo S.O., Onakade A.A.
Abstract:
Acanthus montanus (Nees) T. Anders (Acanthaceae) is locally used in
treatment of cough, backache, chest pain and rheumatic pains. The ethnomedical uses of this plant and the need to establish its pharmacological
effects have prompted this present study.
The anti-inflammatory activity of the methanolic extract of Acanthus
montanus was investigated using acute and sub-acute inflammatory
models such as paw oedema, granuloma pouch and pleurisy in rats as well
as xylene ear oedema in mice. Acanthus montanus was found to possess
anti-inflammatory activity and was effective, orally, in suppressing
various experimentally induced inflammatory reactions. Significant dosedependent anti-inflammatory effects with doses of 100-400mg/kg were
observed on acute inflammatory models such as carrageenan and
arachidonic acid-induced oedema, xylene-induced ear oedema in mice,
carrageenan-induced granuloma pouch and pleurisy in rats. However, the
extract did not inhibit egg albumin-induced oedema. On the basis of the
study, it may be inferred that Acanthus montanus may be a useful anti-
inflammatory agent, which inhibits cyclooxgenase and lipoxygenase
pathways at the level of phospholipase A2 (PLA2).
22.
Title:
Protection against generalised seizures by Dalbergia saxatilis (Hook,F.) in
the pentylenetetrazole and electro-convulsive models. W.Afr. J.
Pharmacol. Drug Res. Vol. 21 (Nos. 1&2) 43-47. Jan-Dec. 2005.
Author:
Yemitan,O.K., Adeyemi O.O.
Abstract:
The aqueous root decoction of Dalbergia saxatilis (DS) is used to manage
convulsive disorders in African herbal medicine practice. We had
previously reported the anticonvulsant effects of the aqueous root extract
of DS against strychnine and picrotoxin seizures.
In this study, DS was tested against pentylenetetrazole (PTZ) seizures, and
electrically-induced threshold tonic extension (TTE) and kindling seizures
in mice. In the PTZ model, DS (50-200mg/kg) was administered orally to
groups of mice, 30min, before 75mg/kg PTZ and onset to seizures noted.
In the TTE test, foot shock was delivered through an electrode before
treatment and 1h post-treatment. Electrical kindling was produced twice
daily at 48h interval in groups of mice. Onset to tonic hind-limb extension
(THE) was determined, in the kindling experiment. DS produced a dosedependent protection against PTZ and elevated the TTE. In the electrical
kindling, DS retarded the development and progression of THE, but did
not produce a significant delay to THE in kindled mice. These results
indicate that DS might provide protection against generalized absence and
partial seizures, which further justifies its use in the management of
epilepsies and convulsions in traditional African medicine.
23.
Title:
Author:
Abstract:
CNS depressant activity of Lecaniodiscus cupanioides. Fitoterapia, 78,
412-418, 2005.
Yemitan,O.K., Adeyemi O.O.
The aqueous root extract of Lecaniodiscus cupanioides was used to study
the central nervous system depressant activity pattern of the plant. The
extract protected mice from strychnine-induced convulsion at 400mg/kg,
p.o. and 100mg/kg, i.p. A dose-dependent prolongation of seizure latency
was produced at 400mg/kg, p.o. and 100mg/kg, i.p for strychnine-induced
seizure; and at 400mg/kg, p.o. and 100mg/kg, i.p. for picrotoxin-induced
seizure. Moreover, CNS depressant activity of the extract (200mg/kg, p.o.
and 50mg/kg, i.p.) was demonstrated by a significant prolongation of
40mg/kg, pentobarbitone sleeping time, and significant reduction in
exploratory behaviour of mice at a dose of 400mg/kg, p.o., with both
effects comparable to effects produced by 4 mg/kg, chlorpromazine. Acute
oral toxicity test, up to 14 days, did not produce any visible signs of
toxicity; however, acute (24h) i.p. toxicity test produced a dose-dependent
mortality with LD50 of 455.2mg/kg.
24.
Title:
Anti-inflammatory activity of the aqueous leaf extract of Manihot
esculenta Crantz. Planta Medica, Vol 72, 103, 2006.
Author:
O.K. Yemitan, L. Afolabi, O.O. Adeyemi.
Abstract:
The aqueous leaf extract of Manihot esculenta Crantz (MELE) has been
used in traditional African medicine for the treatment of inflammation.
The anti-inflammatory effects of MELE given through oral and topical
routes, were tested in rodents. MELE (100-400mg/kg. p.o.) was given to
rats and 30min. later, 0.9% carrageenan was injected into the right hind
paw [1]. In another set, MELE(1-4%w/w in petroleum jelly) was applied
topically to either the paws or to shaved back portion of rats before
carrageenan. Paw diameter was measured between 0-24h post-carrageenan
injection. In another experiment, MELE (100-400mg/kg, p.o.) or (1-4%
applied to mouse abdomen) was administered and 30min, later, 0.03 ml. of
xylene was applied to the right ear of mice; then sections of ear removed
and weighed for oedema [2], MELE (100-400mg/kg, p.o.) produced
significant (P<0.001) inhibition of carrageenan and xylene-induced
oedema in rats and mice respectively. The percentage inhibition 4% w/w
in petroleum jelly (52.3 ± 2.0%) is comparable to those produced by
acetylsalicylic acid (50.0 ± 2.6%). At 1-4%w/w, topically, MELE
produced significant (P<0.01) inhibition of carrageenan-induced rat paw
oedema (68.0 ± 2.1%) and xylene-induced ear swelling in mice (76.6 ±
2.2%). Effects are significantly higher than those produced by
indomethacin (74.0 ± 3.1%, 47.0 ± 2.1%, respectively) Based on the
results, the extract may contain orally safe anti-inflammatory principles,
justifying its use in folklore medicine.
25.
Title:
Analgesic activity of the aqueous leaf extract of Manihot esculenta Crantz.
Planta Medica, Vol 72, 104, 2006.
Author:
O.K. Yemitan, L. Afolabi, O.O. Adeyemi.
Abstract:
The aqueous leaf extract of Manihot esculenta Crantz (MELE) has been
used in traditional African medicine for the treatment of acute and chronic
pain [1] and is claimed to be safe. The analgesic and acute toxicity effects
of the extract, given through the oral and topical routes, were tested in
rodents. MELE (100-400mg/kg, orally) was administered to mice 30min
before injection of 10mL/kg, acetic acid (0.6% v/v in normal saline)
intraperitoneally [2] or acetycholine depilated abdomen of mice, and at 4h
and 8h post-treatment, each mouse was challenged with 0.6%, 10mL/kg,
acetic acid or acetylcholine (8.3mg/kg) intraperitoneally. The number of
writhes was counted for 15 and 30 min, respectively in both experiments.
MELE (100-400mg/kg, orally) and (1-4%w/w, topically), like aspirin
exhibited significant (P<0.05) inhibition of acetic acid (orally: MELE:
61.3 ± 3.5%, Aspirin: 70.4 ± 4.8%; Topically: MELE: 47.4 ± 4.5%;
Aspirin: 54.9 ± 5.5%) and acetylchline ( Orally: MELE: 54.7 ± 7.5%;
Aspirin: 70.1 ± 4.5%; Topically: MELE: 68.0 ± 3.8%; Aspirin: 57.8 ±
4.5%) – induced mouse writhing tests, compared to untreated control.
Acute oral administration up to 10g/kg did not cause death within 14 days
but produced mortalities in i.p. administered extract with LD50 of 2.5g/kg.
Based on these, the extract may contain orally safe, analgesic principles,
justifying its use in traditional African medicine.
26.
Title:
Gastric antisecretory and anti-ulcer effects of Mezoneuron benthanianum
Bail (Caesalpiniaceae). Acta Pharmacologica Sinica,27 suppl. 1, 336,
2006.
Author:
Adeyemi Olufunmilayo, Mbagwu Herbert.
Abstract:
The aqueous extract of Mezoneuron benthanianum (MB) was investigated
for its potential to protect gastric mucosa against the ulcers induced by
absolute ethanol, 0.6N HCI, 50mg/kg indomethacin and 5mg/kg
histamine. MB pretreatment at doses of 400, 800 and 1600 mg/kg
produced a significant (P<0.001) and dose dependent protection against
the ulcerogenic effects in rats by the different agents used. The degree of
protection by the highest dose of MB (93.98, 86.05 and 90.00%) was
significantly (P<0.001) greater than that obtained with 50mg/kg
cimetidine (56.89, 46.51 and 70.88 % but comparable to that obtained
with 50µg/kg misoprostol (89.47, 87.21 and 87.50%) respectively in
ethanol, HCI and indomethancin models. In the histamine model,
however, comparable degree of protection (83.25 and 87.50%) was
obtained with the highest dose of MB and cimetidine respectively.
In the HCI model, MB (400-1600mg/kg) increased the gastric mucus in
rats. In conclusion, MB possesses both antisecretory and cytoprotective
activities. .
27.
Title:
Analgesic Activity of the Aqueous Leaf Extract of Byrsocarpus coccineus
Nigerian J. of Health and Biomedical Sciences, Vol. 5, No.1, 43-46, JanDec. 2006
Author:
A.J. Akindele, O.O. Adeyemi
Abstract:
Byrsocarpus coccineus (Schum. and Thonn.) is used as an herbal remedy
for earache, muscular and rheumatic pains in West Africa. To validate the
claim of the users, the analgesic effect of the aqueous leaf extract of the
plant was studied in mice and rats using acetic acid-induced writhing,
formalin, tail immersion, cold-water tail flick pain tests. The extract (50400mg/kg; p.o.) showed a dose dependent and significant (P<0.05)
inhibition of pain in the acetic acid-induced writhing, tail immersion, tail
flick and the formalin (second phase) tests. The extract (400mg/kg) gave a
significantly (P<0.05) higher inhibition than acetylsalicylic acid, ASA,
(100mg/kg; p.o.) in the acetic acid-induced writhing test. Its effect on the
second phase of the formalin test was comparable to that of ASA. The
elevation of pain threshold at 60 minutes post-treatment produced by
400mg/kg of the extract in the tail immersion and tail flick tests were
slightly lower than that of morphine (2mg/kg;s.c). The results suggest that
the aqueous leaf extract of Byrsocarpus coccineus possesses effective
analgesic activity mediated via peripheral and central mechanisms.
28.
Title:
Neurosedative and muscle-relaxant activities of ethylacetate extract of
Baphia nitida AFZEL. J. Ethnopharmacology, 106, 312-316, 2006.
Author:
O.O.Adeyemi, O.K. Yemitan, A.E. Taiwo
Abstract:
The sedative, anxiolytic and muscle-relaxant effects of the ethyl acetate
leaf extract of Baphia nitida (BN) was investigated in intact mice, using
the hole-board head-dip test for exploratory behavioural effect, elevated
plus maze (EPM) and Y-maze (YM) models of anxiety; chimney, inclined
screen, traction and climbing tests for muscle-relaxant effects. In each of
these tests, BN (100-400mg/kg. p.o.), diazepam (1mg/kg. i.p.) or distilled
water (10ml/kg. p.o.) was administered, 30 or 60 min before performing
the tests in mice. For exploratory behavioural test, number of head-dip
within 15 min was counted. For EPM and YM tests, the cumulative time
spent in open and closed arms was recorded within 5min. In the musclerelaxant tests, mice were subjected to modified models such as chimney,
inclined screen, traction and climbing tests. BN produced a significant
(P<0.05) dose related decrease in exploratory behaviour in the head-dip
test and prolongation of cumulative time spent in open arms of both EPM
and YM. BN did not show any significant effect in the chimney and
traction tests, but produced significant, dose-dependent muscle relaxation
in the inclined screen and climbing tests. Furthermore, BN (2001200p.g/ml) non-competitively shifted the curves of acetylcholine
contraction of the toad Rectus abdominis muscle to the right. Oral doses of
BN (0.1-20g/kg) did not produce mortality, but the LD50 when given
intraperitioneally, was 645.65mg/kg. Results suggest that the leaf extract
of Baphia nitida has sedative, anxiolytic and skeletal muscle-relaxant
effects and support its neurosedative use in traditional African medicine
29.
Title:
Evaluation of the antidiarrhoeal activity of Byrsocarpus coccineus.
J. Ethnopharmacology, 108, 20-25, 2006.
Author:
A.J. Akindele, O.O. Adeyemi
Abstract:
Based on its use in traditional African medicine, the antidiarrhoeal activity
of the aqueous leaf extract of Byrsocarpus coccineus, Connaraceae, was
evaluated on normal and castor oil-induced intestinal transit, castor oilinduced diarrhoea, enteropooling and gastric emptying. The extract (50,
100, 200 and 400mg/kg, p.o.) produced significant (P<0.05) dose
dependent decrease in propulsion in the castor oil-induced intestinal transit
in mice. The mean peristaltic index (%) for these doses of extract, control
(distilled water: 10ml/kg, p.o.) and morphine (10mg/kg, s.c) were 55.27 ±
1.86, 53.12 ± 3.73, 38.60 ± 3.79, 30.25 ± 1.27, 89.33 ±5.62 and 20.29 ±
3.38, respectively. The effect of the extract at the highest dose was
significantly (P<0.05) lower than that of the standard drug. This effect was
antagonised by yohimbine (1mg/kg, s.c.) but not by isosorbide dinitrate
(IDN, 150mg/kg, p.o.). At 200mg/kg, the extract produced a significant
decrease in propulsion in normal intestinal transit. In a dose dependent
manner, it delayed the onset of diarrhoea, produced a significant decrease
in the frequency of defaecation, severity of diarrhoea and protected the
mice treated with castor oil. Mean diarrhoea scores were 30.83 ± 1.72,
22.40 ± 1.71, 21.43 ± 1.32, 13.80 ± 0.33, 18.00 ± 3.94 and 7.67 ± 2.41 for
control, extract (50, 100, 200 and 400mg/kg) and morphine, respectively.
This effect was not antagonised by IDN. The extract (400mg/kg)
significantly decreased the volume (ml) of intestinal fluid secretion
induced by castor oil (0.60± 0.23) compared with 1.27 ± 0.12 for control.
However, there was no significant effect on gastric emptying. The results
obtained suggest that Byrsocarpus coccineus possesses antidiarrhoeal
activity due to its inhibitory effect on gastrointestinal propulsion, mediated
through α2 adrenoceptors, and also inhibition of fluid secretion.
Preliminary phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of alkaloids,
tannins, saponins, reducing sugars glycosides and anthraquinones.
30.
Title:
Current Approach to Drug Treatment of Peptic Ulcer Disease- A Review.
Nigerian J. of Health and Biomedical Sciences, Vol. 5, No.2, 94- 102,
Jul-Dec. 2006
Author:
H.O.C Mbagwu, O.O. Adeyemi
Abstract:
Peptic ulcer has been with mankind since time immemorial. Attempts at
drug therapy have ranged from empiricism (as in the use of baby urine,
milk, farinaceous foods, fetish practices) to the use of antacids for acid
neutralization since it was believed then (just as it has been established
today) that “no acid, no ulcer”. A more robust approach in handling the
acid-related diseases came about in the 1960s with the introduction of the
H2 receptor antagonists and later the proton pump inhibitors (PPls). In
1983, Warren and Marshall established the role of Helicobacter pylori
(HP) in (especially recurrent) ulcers and as a result, eradication of HP
using any of the approved combination therapies became the acceptable
treatment strategy in cases of documented HP infection. Non-steroidal
anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) also play a major role in ulcerogenesis
hence withdrawal of these agents (or cotherapy with a PPl or Misoprostol
in ulcer patients who may not be able to do without the (NSAIDs) has also
become the acceptable treatment strategy. It is not uncommon to see many
of our patients with various degrees of dyspepsia (PUD inclusive) using
different types of antacid products only instead of taking advantage of the
approved current therapeutic guidelines. We have therefore decided to
review PUD especially the old and current approach to drug therapy and to
advocate for compliance by both patients and health care givers to the
approved treatment guidelines.
31.
Title:
Analgesic,Antipyretic and Anti-inflammatory Properties of Mezoneuron
benthamianum Baill (Caesalpiniaceae). Nig, Ot J. Hosp. Med. Vol. 17
(1),35-41, Jan-March 2007.
Author:
H.O.C. Mbagwu, R.A. Anene, O.O. Adeyemi
Abstract:
The analgesic, antipyretic and anti-inflammatory effects of the aqueous
extract of Mezoneuron benthamianum (MB) were evaluated in mice, rats
and rabbits using the mouse writhing, tail flick, hot plate and formalin-
induced pain tests; 2-4-Dinitrophenol (DNP), D-Amphetamine and E.coli
lipopolysaccharide-induced pyrexia and carrageenan, egg albumin and
xylene-induced oedema.
The extract (400-1600mg/kg) and acetylsalicylic acid (100mg/kg)
produced a significant (P<0.05) inhibition of the second phase response in
the formalin pain model, while only the highest dose (1600mg/kg) of the
extract showed a comparable antinociceptive effect in the first phase. The
extract also showed a dose-dependent inhibition of acetic acid induced
abdominal writhing. The tail flick latency and the hot plate pain threshold
were dose dependently enhanced by the extract but these were
significantly lower than that produced by morphine (2mg/kg).
The 2, 4-DNP and D-Amphetamine (10 and 5mg/kg, i.p. respectively)
increased the rectal temperature of rats within 30 minutes of their
administration. The extract at doses of 400,800 and 1600mg/kg produced
significant lowering of the elevated body temperature in rats. The extract
(800mg/kg) administered orally to rabbits passaged with E. coli
lipopolyscharride was able to relieve the pyrogen induced fever. The
antipyretic effect produced by the extract was comparable to a standard
antipyretic drug, aspirin.
The extract (400-1600mg/kg) administered 1h after carrageenan-induced
paw swelling did not inhibit the oedema. No inhibitions were observed
with egg albumin and xylene induced oedema models.
Phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of flavonoids, tannins,
cardiac glycosides, anthraquinones, and saponins.
Administration of the extract up to 2g/kg (orally) did not produce any
toxic effect in the acute toxicity studies in mice. The LD50 of the extract
when administered intraperitoneally was 1021.31mg/kg.
The data obtained show that MB extract possesses analgesic and
antipyretic activities but lacks an anti-inflammatory property.
32.
Title:
Antiinflammatory activity of the aqueous leaf extract of Byrsocarpus
coccineus. Fitoterapia, 78,25-28, 2007.
Author:
A.J. Akindele, O.O. Adeyemi
Abstract:
The antiinflammatoery effect of the aqueous leaf extract of Byrsocarpus
coccineus was evaluated using the carrageenan and egg albumin induced
rat paw edema, xylene induced mouse ear edema and formaldehyde
induced arthritis inflammation tests. The extract administered orally are
doses of 50, 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg b.w produced a significant (P<0.05)
dose dependent inhibition of edema formation in all four methods used.
The results obtained suggest that the aqueous leaf extract of B coccineus is
endowed with effective anti-inflammatory activity mediated via either
inhibition of phospholipase A (PLA) activity of cyclooxygenase cascade
and by blocking the release of vasoactive substances (histamine, serotonin
and kinins). These finding seem to justify the use of the plant in tradition
African medicine in the treatment of inflammation including arthritic
conditions.
33.
Title:
Erythrocyte Membrane Deformation and Antihemolytic Effect of
Antituberculosis Drugs in Rats. International J. of Pharmacology 3(3),
234-240, 2007.
Author:
B.A.S. Lawal, R.B. Ashorobi, O.O. Adeyemi
Abstract:
The commonly used antituberculosis (antiTB) drugs; pyrazinamide (PZA,
isoniazid (INH), ethambutol (ETB) and rifampicin (RMP) were
administered to albino rats for the purpose of investigating the toxic
consequences of combination therapies. The drugs were evaluated by
simulating the normal clinical dosage and a 24 week gavage studies of
standard therapy with antituberculosis drugs in albino rats without disease
were carried out. The doses employed were: isoniazid, 5mg kg-1.
rifampicin, 10mg kg-1, ethambutol, 20mg kg-1 and pyrazinamde, 25 mg
kg-1. The effect of clinically equivalent antiTB regimen and established
oxidant drug, aminopyrine, on membrane lipid peroxidation and osmotic
fragility in rat red blood cells was examined. The regimen showed
evidence of protection against hemolysis both in vitro and in vivo
although there are evidences of distorted erythrocyte membranes which
appeared to be approaching a star-shaped configuration and an enhanced
antihemolytic effect in hypotonic saline solution. Since star-shaped
erthrocytes have been shown to be devoid of ATP, this may have
consequences on the physiological function of the red blood cells.
34.
Title:
Sedative and anticonvulsant activities of the aqueous root extract of
Sanseviera liberica Gerome & Labroy (Agavaceae). J.
Ethnopharmacology 113, 111-114, 2007.
Author:
O.O.Adeyemi, O.K. Yemitan, O.O.Adebiyi
Abstract:
The central nervous system (CNS) depressant and anticonvulsant activities
of the aqueous root extract of Sanseviera liberica (ASL) were investigated
on various animal models including pentobarbitone sleeping time and
hole-board exploratory behaviour for sedation tests, and strychnine,
picrotoxin,bicuculline and pentylenetetrazole-iduced convulsions in mice.
ASL (100-400mg/kg, p.o.) like chlorpromazine HCl (1mg/kg, i.m.),
produced dose-dependent and significant (P<0.05) increases in onset to
clonic and tonic convulsions, and at 400mg/kg, showed complete
protection against seizures induced by strychnine, picrotoxin and
bicuculline, but not with pentylenetetrazole. ASL up to 10g/kg, p.o. did
not produce death, but i.p. treatment produced mortalities with LD50 of
668.3 ± 47.6mg/kg. Preliminary phytochemical investigation of ASL
revealed the presence of carbohydrates, alkaloids, saponins, reducing
sugars and oils. The results indicate that ASL has sedative and
anticonvulsant activities, therefore, justifying its use in traditional African
medicine.
35.
Title:
Toxicological assessment of the aqueous root extract of Sanseviera
liberica Gerome and Labroy (Agavaceae). J. of Ethnopharmacology, 133,
171-175, 2007.
Author:
M.B. Amida, O.K. Yemitan, O.O. Adeyemi.
Abstract:
The aqueous root extract of Sanseviera liberica (SL) is used in African
folkore medicine for ailments including chronic pain, inflammatory
conditions, and convulsive disorders. Because of the potential for longterm uses, the study investigated the acute and subchronic toxicity patterns
of the plant. Acute toxicity tests were carried out in mice, and the median
lethal dose was estimated. Subchronic (52 days) studies were conducted in
rats with oral daily doses 80, 400 and 2000 mg/kg. Parameters observed
for at the end of chronic tests included changes in body and vital organ
weights, mortality, haematological, biochemical, hepatic and male
reproductive effects. SL did not produce any visible toxicities or mortality
with oral doses up to 20 g/kg within 14 days of single treatment, but i.p.
administration caused mortalities with LD50 of 668.3 ± 47.6mg/kg. In the
chronic tests, neither mortality nor visible signs of lethality was seen in
rats. No significant increases in the weight of the kidney, liver, heart and
spleen, but at 400mg/kg, a significant reduction in weight of the lungs was
recorded. Significant increases in the weight of testes, sperm count and
mortality was produced. There were no changes in the sperm head and tail
abnormalities, but significant increases in the percentage normal sperm
cells. Biochemical parameters like AST and ALT were not affected, but
significant increase in ALP and uric acid levels, at 2 g/kg, was detected.
Significant increase and decrease in RBC and WBC were recorded,
respectively, but no changes in levels of PCV and Hb. Results indicate that
oral doses of SL are relatively safe in rats; however, assessment of hepatobiliary function should be done during chronic use in humans.
36.
Title:
Effects of Byrsocarpus coccineus (Connaraceae) Extract on the Central
Nervous System (CNS). Planta Medica, Vol 73, 817, 2007.
Author:
Akindele A.J, Adeyemi O.O
Abstract:
In establishing the pharmacological profile of Byrsocarpus coccineus, we
investigated the CNS effects of the aqueous leaf extract using the Y-maze,
hexobarbitone sleeping time and hole board models in mice. In the Ymaze test Byrsocarpus coccineus. BC (50-100mg/kg, p.o.) produced
significant (P<0.05) increases in the time spent in the open arm at posttreatment times 30-90min. Peak effect was elicited at 100mg/kg 30min
post-treatment, with mice spending 2.63 ± 0.20 min in open arm vs 0.62 ±
0.21 min for control. This effect was significantly higher than that of
diazepam, 1mg/kg p.o (2.00 ± 0.20 min). At doses of 200 and 400mg/kg,
the effect of BC in increasing the time spent in the open arm diminished
with the effect at the higher dose (1.24 ± 0.29min) being not significantly
different from the control. In the hexobarbitone sleeping time test, BC (50100mg/kg) increased the onset and decreased the duration of sleep, with
effects only being significant at 100mg/kg (onset = 7.00 ± 1.18min and
duration = 10.00 ± 1.84min vs. onset = 3.43 ± 0.81min and duration =
20.71 ± 2.34min for control). At doses of 200 and 400mg/kg, BC
decreased onset and significantly increased sleeping time with the effect at
the higher dose (onset = 3.29 ± 0.61min and duration = 39.86 ± 3.78min)
being significantly lower than that of diazepam, 3mg/kg, p.o., in respect of
duration of sleep only (onset =3.14 ± 0.26min and duration = 87.29 ±
9.87min). In the modified hole board experiment, BC (50-100mg/kg)
caused an increase in both exploratory activity and locomotion, while at
200 and 400mg/kg the reverse was the case. These effects were not
significant. Diazepam, 1mg/kg p.o., caused a non-significant increase in
exploratory activity and a significant increase in locomotion (25.71 ± 4.44
sectional crossings in 5min vs. 10.86 ± 2.30 sectional crossings in 5min
for control). Results obtained suggest that the aqueous leaf extract of
Byrsocarpus coccineus possesses a dose determined anxiolytic-sedative
activity with no effect on exploratory activity and locomotion.
37.
Title:
Author:
Biphasic Gastrointestinal Activity of the Aqueous Root Extract of Talinum
triangulare Jacq. Willd (Portulacaceae). Planta Medica, Vol 73, 985,
2007.
Adeyemi O.O., Oyeniyi O.P., Mbagwu H.O.C.
Abstract:
38.
Title:
Talinum triangulare (TT) is an herbaceous perennial plant widely grown
in tropical regions of the world. In Nigeria, it is cultivated in gardens and
large farms and serves as one of the most important edible leaf vegetables
(1). The root is used in the treatment of inflammation (2). And locally for
other gastrointestinal upsets. In this study, we evaluated some
gastrointestinal activities of aqueous root extract of TT using three
models; Intestinal propulsive movement (IPM), Castor-oil induced
diarrhoea (COD) and intestinal fluid accumulation (IFA). Pretreatment of
rats with lower doses (50-200mg/kg) caused a dose-dependent but nonsignificant increase in onset of diarrhoea and total diarrhoea score which
were significantly (P<0.05) less than that produced by liquid paraffin
(10ml/kg). The differences in other diarrhoeal parameters such as number
of wet stools, total number stools were neither significant nor dosedependent Higher doses (500-2000mg/kg), however, produced a dosedependent delay in onset of diarrhoea, frequency of stooling and total
diarrhoea score. These parameters were significant only at 2000mg/kg and
were less than that of atropine (2mg/kg). There were dose dependent and
non-significant increases in IFA by the lower doses which were less than
that of liquid paraffin. The higher doses significantly (P<0.05) inhibited
IFA. The inhibitions by higher doses were significantly greater than that of
atropine. Preliminary phytochemical screening revealed the presence of
alkaloids, saponins, tannins, cardiac glycosides and phenols. These results
show that TT produces biphasic gastrointestinal effects. Lower doses
produced laxative, while higher doses produce anti-diarrhoeal, effects.
Chromatographic separation, characterization and bioactivity guided
assays of the aqueous root extract fractions of Dalbergia saxatilis HOOK.
F (Papilionaceae). Planta Medica, Vol 73, 994, 2007.
Author:
Yemitan O.K., Adeyemi O.O.
Abstract:
The aqueous root decoction of Dalbergia saxatilis (DC), is used to treat
convulsive and anxiety disorders, pain and muscle tension in traditional
African medicine. Separation of phytochemical constituents was
conducted on DS using Sephadex G-50 packed chromatography into thirty
5ml fractions. Preliminary chemical characterization was conducted on
fractions employing the Agilent 8453 UV-Visible spectrophotometer
between 200 and 600 nm; and phytochemicals present in fractions were
confirmed by simple chemical tests on determination of phytochemicals in
medicinal plants [1]. Based on the distribution of the phytochemicals
fractions 9 & 10; 11 & 12; 15 & 16; 17 & 18; (labeled as “A”, “B”, “C”,
“D”, respectively), were pooled for biological tests. Bioactivity guided
assays were done by investigating the CNS depressant effects of fractions
on strychnine induced seizures [2], pentobarbitone hypnosis[2] and
exploratory behavioural test [3] models, Results as depicted by the
chemical tests method [1] showed chromatographic separation of DS into
fractions of saponins (7-26), reducing sugar (5-21), soluble carbohydrates
(5-27), Tannins (5-19), phenols (5-19) and C-glycosides (15-18).
Bioactivity guided assays showed that fraction “C” (200mg/kg, p.o.), like
phenobarbitone (40mg/kg, i.p.) produced significant (p<0.05) antiseizure
effect; fraction “D” (200mg/kg, p.o.) produced prolongation of
pentobarbitone (40mg/kg, i.p.) sleeping time, while fraction “A”
(200mg/kg, p.o.) produced suppression of exploratory behaviour, like
chlorpromazine (4mg/kg, i.m.). The unfractionated extract (200mg/kg,
p.o.), however, showed significantly (p<0.05, ANOVA) higher effects
than the fractions in these three models. The results suggest that the active
CNS depressant phytochemicals may have been fractionated, but their
effects are synergistic in the unfractionated extract.
39.
Title :
Anti-diarrhoeal activity of the aqueous extract of Mezoneuron
benthamiannum Baill (Caesalpiniaceae). J. of Ethnopharmacology, 116,
16-20, 2008.
Author:
H.O.C. Mbagwu, O.O. Adeyemi.
Absract:
The effect of the aqueous extract of Mezoneuron benthamiannum (MB) on
experimentally induced diarrhoea, intestinal propulsive movement (IPM)
and intestinal fluid accumulation (enteropooling) were investigated in rats
and mice. The extract (400,800 and 1600mg/kg, orally) produced a
significant (P<0.05) and dose-dependent reduction in propulsion in the
castor oil-induced intestinal transit in mice. The mean peristaltic index (%)
for these doses of extract, control, (distilled water, 10ml/kg, p.o.) and
morphine, (10mg/kg, s.c.) were 73.48, 69.34,57.27, 89.93 and 31.56,
respectively. The effect of the extract at the highest dose was significantly
(p<0.05) lower than that of the standard drug. This effect was antagonized
by yohimbine (1 mg/kg, s.c).
In a does-dependent manner, the extract delayed the onset of diarrhoea,
produced a significant decrease in the frequency of defaecation, severity
of diarrhoea and protected the mice treated with castor oil. Total diarrhoea
scores were 12.0 ± 0.63, 10.3 ± 2.06, 8.5 ± 2.15, 7.1 ± 0.91 and 5.8 ± 0.79
for control, extract (400,800 and 1600 mg/kg) and morphine, respectively.
The extract significantly decreased the volume (ml) of intestinal fluid
secretion induced by castor oil (1.75 ± 0.02 to 0.93 ± 0.04) compared with
1.90 ± 0.05 for control. The inhibitory effect on fluid accumulation by the
extract was also attenuated by yohimbine (1.0mg/kg).
Preliminary phytochemical screening revealed the presence of flavonoids,
tannins, cardiac glycosides, anthraquinones and saponins.
Administration of the extract up to 2g/kg (orally) did not produce any
toxic effect in the acute toxicity studies in mice. The LD50 of the extract
when given intraperitoneally was 1021.31mg/kg.
The results obtained show that MB possesses ant-diarrhoeal activity due to
its inhibitory effects on gastrointestinal propulsion and intestinal fluid
accumulation. The antagonistic actions of yohimbine in the experiments
suggest a role for the α2-adrenergic receptor system.
40.
Title:
Antidiarrhoeal activity of the ethyl acetate extract of Baphia nitida
(Papilionaceae). J.of Ethnopharmacology, 116, 407-412, 2008.
Author:
O.O. Adeyemi., A.J. Akindele.
Absrtact:
In our search for plants useful in the treatment of diarrhea, we investigated
the ethyl acetate of Baphia nitida (BN) using intestinal transit,
enteropooling and gastric emptying tests in mice and rats. In the castor oil
intestinal transit test, BN produced a significant (P<0.05) dose dependent
decrease in propulsion with peristaltic index (PI) values of 56.85 ± 6.76,
36.84 ± 3.04 and 31.98 ± 2.60%, respectively at doses of 100, 200 and
400mg/kg vs. 89.33 ± 6.28% for control. The effect at 400mg/kg was
significantly lower than that of morphine, 10mg/kg, s.c, (20.29 ± 3.78%),
and was antagonized by isosorbide dinitrate, IDN (150mg/kg, p.o.) but not
only yohimbine (1mg/kg, s.c.). This effect was not potentiated by atropine
(1mg/kg, s.c.). In the castor oil-induced diarrhoea test, BN produced a
significant increase in onset of diarrhoea (103.40 ± 8.74, 138.80 ± 17.04
and 174.8 ± 29.04 min, 100 to 400mg/kg, vs. 47.60 ± 8.76 min for control
and 226.10 ± 12.57 for morphine). The severity of diarrhoea (diarrhoea
score) was dose dependently reduced (19.00 ± 2.26, 17.04 ± 1.89, 15.00 ±
2.05, 100 to 400mg/kg, vs. 31.40 ± 2.11 for control and 7.7 ± 2.2 for
morphine). This effect was not antagonized by IDN or yohimbine. The
effect on severity was, however, potentiated by atropine. BN also reduced
the number and weight of wet stools but did not have any significant effect
on intestinal fluid accumulation and gastric emptying. Results obtained
suggest that the ethyl acetate extract of Baphia nitida is endowed with
antidiarrhoeal activity possibly mediated by interference with the Larginine nitric oxide pathway and synergistic with antagonistic action on
muscarinic receptors.
41.
Title:
Anti-inflammatory activity of Drymaria cordata extract. J. of Natural
Remedies Vol. 8/1, 93-100, 2008.
Author:
O.O. Adeyemi. A.J. Akindele, N. Nwaubani.
Abstract:
The anti-inflammatory activity of the aqueous extract of Drymaria
cordata was evaluated using the carrageenan, egg albumin, xylene
induced oedema models and pleurisy test. The extract (100-800mg/kg)
administered 1h before induction of swelling in rat paw, by carrageenan
and egg albumin injection, produced a significant (P<0.05) dose
dependent inhibitory effect. This effect was greatest at the dose of
400mg/kg giving 73.66% and 63.69% levels of inhibition for the
carrageenan and egg albumin models, respectively. In the xylene test,
Drymaria cordata also elicited a dose dependent inhibition of ear oedema
development, which reached a peak (61.39%) at the dose of 800mg/kg.
The effect of indomethacin (10mg/kg; p.o.) was lower in this respect
(55.45%). The extract (400 and 800mg/kg) reduced the volume of pleural
exudates and number of migrated leukocytes in the carrrageenan induced
pleurisy test. Greater inhibitory effect was observed at the dose of
400mg/kg (53.74% and 44.00% decrease in exudates volume and
leukocytes count, respectively). The effect of indomethacin was higher in
respect of volume of exudates (65.99%) but same in the case of leukocytes
count (44.00%). The results obtained in this study suggest that aqueous
extract of Drymaria cordata possesses anti-inflammatory activity
mediated possibly by the inhibition of one or a combination of mediators
like histamine, serotonin, kinins and prostaglandins.