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Content Outline
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Week Three Content Outline
TOPIC AND OBJECTIVES
Dynamic Changes in the 16th Century
Ch 13,14 & 18

Identify the motivations behind the expansion of Spain into the New World.

Describe the events that led to Spain as a superpower.

Outline the rise of the Tudor dynasty.
CONTENT OUTLINE
1. European’s growing interest in trade
a. Need for an alternative access to the Silk Route from the east
1) Western states’, such as Spain, Portugal and England, increasing competition with
Italian city-states; need another route
2) Prince Henry the Navigator (1394–1460) of Portugal; the Portuguese gained a
foothold in northern Africa and used it to stage voyages along the continent’s
unexplored western coast
a) Innovations with exploration and improvements with the sextant and magnetic
compass; improved navigational skills, better ships, astrolabe, better maps/charts
b) Portugal becomes the center of navigational study
c) By the 1480s, Portuguese outposts had reached almost to the equator, and in
1487 Bartolomeu Dias rounded the tip of Africa and opened the eastern African
shores to Portuguese traders.
d) Vasco da Gama (ca. 1460–1524) rounded the Cape of Good Hope and crossed
into the Indian Ocean. His journey took two years, but when he returned to
Lisbon in 1499 laden with the most valuable spices of the East,
e) The exploration of the African coast also brought the Portuguese into contact
with Muslim traders who had developed connections between North Africa and
the middle of the continent. They bartered for gold, ivory, and exotic spices,
exchanging colorful cloth, metalwork, and other manufactured goods. They also
bartered for slaves.
3) Columbus voyage (1492)
a) Funded by Spanish monarchs
b) San Salvador (Hispanola) October 12, 1492
c) Treaty of Tordesillas (1494): Pope divides the New World into Spanish and
Portuguese possessions; the Treaty of Tordesillas had confirmed Portugal’s
right to the eastern route to the Indies as well as to any undiscovered lands east
of an imaginary line fixed west of the Cape Verde Islands. That entitled Portugal
to Brazil; the Spanish received whatever lay west of the line.
d) Ferdinand Magellan (1519) circumnavigates the globe; in pursuit of
Columbus’s goal of reaching the Spice Islands by sailing westward.
In 1522, three years and one month after setting out, Magellen’s Navigator
Elcano returned to Spain with a single ship and 18 survivors of the crew of 280.
But in his hold were spices of greater value than the cost of the expedition, and
in his return was practical proof that the world was round.
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The Rise of Spain
a. The clash between Christians and Muslims in Spain
1) The Fall of Granada April 1492 and The Reconquista
2) The sponsorship of Columbus: A business enterprise
b. The Spanish conquests
1) Hernando Coretés (1485-1547): The fall of the Aztec empire and the surrender of
Montezuma
a) Aztecs had created many enemies in their conquests
b) Calendar predictions of an apocalyptic event in Aztec religion: Quezequatal
c) The Columbian Exchange included diseases, such as small pox, that led to a
mortality rate that may have affected 50–80% of some communities
d) successive explorers uncovered the vast coastline of Central and South America.
In 1513, Vasco Núñez de Balboa (1475–1517) crossed the land passage in
Panama and became the first European to view the Pacific Ocean. The discovery
of this ocean refueled Spanish ambitions to find a western passage to the Indies.
e) In 1531, Francisco Pizarro (ca.1475–1541) matched Cortés’s feat when he
conquered the Peruvian Empire of the Incas.
f) Francisco Vázquez de Coronado y Luján (1510-1554) was a Spanish
conquistador, who visited New Mexico and other parts of what are now the
southwestern United States between 1540 and 1542.
c. Gold, God, and glory The interests of the crown were threefold: to convert the natives to
Christianity; to extend sovereignty over new dominions; and to gain some measure of
profit from the venture.
1) Search for the seven cities of Cibola and its riches (Coronado)
2) Found gold, gems, and San Luis Potosi, one of the richest silver deposits in the world
3) Exchange of crops (see graphic)
a) From the New World: beans, chocolate, squash, pumpkin, pineapples, potato,
corn, sweet potato, tobacco, tomato, turkey, avocado, cassava, peanut, vanilla,
cotton, llamas, alpaca,
b) From the Old World: bananas, cattle, sugar, coffee, chickens, fruit, grapes,
horses, onions, pigs, rice, wheat, peaches, pears, honey bees, cattle, sheep,
turnips, barley, oats, olive oil, dandelion, goat
c) New diseases, new drugs
(1) New world: quinine
(2) Old world: malaria, diphtheria, whooping cough, small pox, influenza, typhus,
measles,
d) Old World: horses, domesticated pigs
(1) Horses let loose to roam the New World
(2) Natives of the American Great Plains discover the horse,
4) Triangular Trade (see graphic) The Portuguese held a monopoly on transporting
slaves from Africa; and the Spanish colonies in America would soon become the destination
for most of the African slaves bought by Europeans.
3. The Rise of the Tudors
a. The War of the Roses (1455–1485)
1) House of Lancaster versus the House of York
a) Two powerful families
b) Scandals of Richard III (reigned 1482–1485)
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c) Two princes killed in the Tower of London
The houses of Lancaster and York were both destroyed.
Edward IV (1461–1483) succeeded in gaining the crown for the
House of York, but he was never able to wear it securely. When
he died, his children, including his heir, Edward V (1483), were
placed in the protection of their uncle Richard III (1483–1485).
It was protection that they did not survive. The two boys disappeared,
reputedly murdered in the Tower of London, and
Richard declared himself king. Richard’s usurpation led to civil
war, and he was killed by the forces of Henry Tudor at the battle
of Bosworth Field in 1485. By the end of the Wars of the Roses,
the monarchy had lost both revenue and prestige, and the aristocracy
had stored up bitter memories for the future. (365)
It was left to Henry Tudor to pick up the pieces of the kingdom.
*The two chief obstacles to his determination to consolidate
the English state were the power of the nobility and the
poverty of the monarchy. No English monarch had held secure
title to the throne for more than a century. Henry Tudor,
as Henry VII (1485–1509), put an end to the dynastic instability
at once. He married Elizabeth of York, in whose heirs
would rest the legitimate claim to the throne. Their children
were indisputable successors to the crown. He also began the
long process of taming his over-mighty subjects. Traitors were
hung and turncoats rewarded. He and his son Henry VIII
(1509–1547) adroitly created a new peerage, which soon was
as numerous as the old feudal aristocracy. The new nobles
owed their titles and loyalty to the Tudors. They were favored
with offices and spoils and were relied upon to suppress both
popular and aristocratic rebellions.(365)
2) Henry VII (Henry Tudor) of Lancaster emerges (1485–1509)
a) Tightens control over government
3)
Henry VIII succession (1509–1547) Not expected to become King, his older
brother Arthur was; As a result of his dispute with the papacy over his divorce from Catherine of
Aragon and marriage to Anne Boleyn, Henry VIII confiscated the enormous wealth of the Catholic
Church, and with one stroke solved the crown’s monetary problems
a) Weds Catherine of Aragon—his brother Arthur’s wife, daughter of King Ferdinand
and Queen Isabella of Spain,
b) A true Renaissance prince and devout Catholic
c) Interest in lady in waiting Anne Boleyn
d) Henry 8th Chief Minister Thomas Cromwell accelerated the process of
centralizing government that had begun under Edward IV. He divided administration
according to its functions by creating separate departments of state, modeled upon
courts. The new departments were responsible for record keeping, revenue collection,
and law enforcement. Each had a distinct jurisdiction and a permanent, trained staff.
Cromwell coordinated the work of the distinct departments by expanding the power of the
Privy Council, which included the heads of the administrative bodies. This centralization
of power gave Henry what he needed to keep the kingdom together
e) Divorces Catherine over his desire to marry Anne Boleyn Anne was crowned
queen consort on 1 June 1533. The queen gave birth to a daughter and the child
was christened Elizabeth,
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(1) Has faithful friend and confidant Thomas More—author of Utopia—
beheaded over More’s protest
(2) Struggle with the Church and Cardinal Cromwell over decision to break
(3) Anne beheaded in 1536 for adultery
(4) Four other wives:, Jane Seymour #3, Anne Cleves #4, Catherine Howard #5,
and Catherine Parr
Besides his six marriages, Henry VIII is known for his role in the separation of the
Church of England from the Roman Catholic Church. Henry's struggles with
Rome led to the separation of the Church of England from papal authority, the
Dissolution of the Monasteries, and his own establishment as the Supreme Head
of the Church of England. Yet he remained a believer in core Catholic theological
teachings, even after his excommunication from the Roman Catholic Church.[1]
Henry oversaw the legal union of England and Wales with the Laws in Wales
Acts 1535 and 1542.
Besides ruling with absolute power, he also engaged himself as an author and
composer. His desire to provide England with a male heir – which stemmed
partly from personal vanity and partly because he believed a daughter would be
unable to consolidate the Tudor dynasty and the fragile peace that existed
following the Wars of the Roses– led to the two things for which Henry is most
remembered: his six marriages and the English Reformation. Henry became
morbidly obese and his health suffered, contributing to his death in 1547. He is
frequently characterized in his later life as a lustful, egotistical, harsh, and
insecure king.
e)
Mary Tudor was Queen of England and Ireland from July 1553 until her death. Her
brutal persecution of Protestants caused her opponents to give her the sobriquet "Bloody
Mary". She was the only child born of the ill-fated marriage of Henry VIII and his first wife
Catherine of Aragon who survived to adulthood. Her younger half-brother, Edward VI,
succeeded Henry in 1547. When Edward became mortally ill in 1553, he attempted to remove
Mary from the line of succession because of religious differences. On his death, their cousin
Lady Jane Grey was at first proclaimed queen. Mary assembled a force in East Anglia and
successfully deposed Jane, who was ultimately beheaded. In 1554, Mary married Philip of Spain,
becoming queen consort of Habsburg Spain on his accession in 1556.
As the fourth crowned monarch of the Tudor dynasty, Mary is remembered for her restoration
of Roman Catholicism after the short-lived Protestant reign of her half-brother. During her fiveyear reign, she had over 280 religious dissenters burned at the stake in the Marian persecutions.
Her re-establishment of Roman Catholicism was reversed after her death in 1558 by her
younger half-sister and successor, Elizabeth I.
f)
(1) Staunch Catholic
(2) Married Phillip II of Spain
(3) Dies young
Elizabeth I
(1) Virgin queen
(2) Plays Protestants and Catholics off each other for most of her reign
(3) English Renaissance
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(a) Marlowe
(b) Shakespeare (1564–1616) and the Globe Theater
(c) The Spanish Armada (1588): The Battle of Gravelines
g) Edward VI – son of Henry and Jane Seymour (Jane died after the child was born)
h) James VI of Scotland became James I of England upon Elizabeth's death.
4) Formation of Nations --- developed due to constant warfare and the technology of warfare
a) Russia – made up of nobility, military, peasants (serfs)
b) Poland-Lithuania
c) Ottoman Empire
d) Spain --- consolidated under King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella (14791516); Spanish Inquisition and the Reconquista (1482-1492)
e) France --- nobility, clergy, commoners; consolidated under Louis XI (14611483)
f) England --- War of the Roses
g) Italy
h) Portugal
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Columbian Exchange
Triangular Trade
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