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BIOL 2261
Exam 2 –
Name _______________
Chapter 7
Principles of Disease
7-1:_____ is the term used by microbiologists to describe the underlying cause of a disease.
(a)
toxemia
(b)
etiology
(c)
focal infection
(d)
primary infection
(e)
parasitism
7-2:
The _____ of the body consist(s) of a variety of microorganisms that cause no harm to healthy hosts.
(a)
microbial flora
(b)
etiological agents
(c)
granulomas
(d)
vectors
7-3:
The presence of bacteria in the blood is referred to as _____.
(a)
septicemia
(b)
toxemia
(c)
primary infection
(d)
bacteremia
(e)
focal infection
7-4:
A _____ is one in which symptoms reappear at a time much later than the original infection.
(a)
acute disease
(b)
subacute disease
(c)
latent disease
(d)
systemic disease
(e)
secondary infection
7-5:
If pathogens spread to the bloodstream or lymphatics and disseminate to other parts of the body, a(n) _____ occurs.
(a)
acute disease
(b)
latent disease
(c)
secondary infection
(d)
latent disease
(e)
systemic infection
18-1:
Which of the following is a mismatched pair?
(a)
aseptic: pathogen-free environment
(b)
pasteurization: heat to kill pathogens
(c)
bacteriocidal: kills all bacteria
(d)
sterilization: destruction of all forms of microbes
(e)
antisepsis: inanimate objects
Chapter 18
Control of Microbial Growth with Disinfectants and Antiseptics
18-2: De-germing is best described as _____.
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(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
a mechanical process for removing microbes
the disinfection of public places
the use of heat to kill microbes in food items
the use of chemical agents to kill microbes
a practice used to maintain a germ-free environment
18-3:
A bacteriostatic agent is one that _____.
(a)
kills the microbe
(b)
inhibits the growth of the microbe
(c)
creates static electricity when used
(d)
is chemically unstable
18-4:
Which of the following is not a target for disinfectants and antiseptics?
(a)
nucleic acid synthesis
(b)
cell wall synthesis
(c)
plasma membrane
(d)
protein structure
(e)
All of the above are targets for disinfectants and antiseptics.
18-5:
Which of the following is not susceptible to the effects of surfactants?
(a)
Gram-positive bacteria
(b)
Gram-negative bacteria
(c)
non-enveloped viruses
(d)
enveloped viruses
(e)
protozoans
Chapter 19
Antibiotics
19-1: By incorporating antibiotics into animal feed, farmers _____.
(a)
increase the weight gain of their livestock
(b)
prolong the lifespan of their breeding stock
(c)
observe fewer illnesses in their livestock
(d)
reduce the incidence of foot-and-mouth disease in their livestock
19-2:
Penicillin resistance in bacteria is conferred by the production of _____.
(a)
lysozyme
(b)
transglycosylase
(c)
\beta-lactamase
(d)
N-acetylglucosamine
(e)
penicillin-binding proteins
19-3:
Augmentin combines amoxicillin with _____ to overcome enzymatic resistance to the antibiotic by the microbe.
(a)
\beta-lactamase
(b)
potassium clavulanate
(c)
transpeptidase
(d)
sulbactam
(e)
cilastatin
19-4:
Which of the following antibiotics is mismatched with its mode of action?
(a)
vancomycin: inhibition of cell wall synthesis in Gram-negative bacteria
(b)
aminoglycosides: binding to 30S ribosomal subunit and blocking of protein synthesis
(c)
isoniazid: inhibition of mycolic acid synthesis
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(d)
(e)
polymyxin B: disruption of plasma membrane
polypeptide antibiotics: inhibition of peptidoglycan polymerization
19-5:
The efficacy of penicillin is highest during the _____ phase of the bacterial life cycle.
(a)
lag
(b)
log
(c)
stationary
(d)
death
Chapter 20
Antibiotic Resistance
20-1:
Indicate whether each of the following statements is true or false. If the answer is false, explain why.
(a)
The more an antibiotic is prescribed, the more rapidly resistance to that antibiotic develops.
(b)
Antibiotic-resistant strains of bacteria are unlikely to develop in the hospital.
(c)
Many antibiotics are ineffective against viral antibiotics and do not alleviate symptoms.
(d)
The superinfection effect is a consequence of using narrow-spectrum antibiotics.
(e)
Misuse of antibiotics can perturb the balance of normal flora in the body.
20-2:
_____ are locations in the bacterial genome where antibiotic resistance genes integrate and accumulate.
(a)
integrons
(b)
resistance islands
(c)
superinfection sites
(d)
opportunistic sites
20-3:
Which of the following is not an example of an autoprotective mechanism used by microbes producing antibiotics?
(a)
using a transmembrane pump to export newly synthesized antibiotics
(b)
co-expressing genes for membrane-bound protein export pumps and antibiotic production
(c)
altering the structure of the 50S ribosomal subunit
(d)
producing antibody only during the log phase of growth
(e)
synthesizing a precursor form of the antibiotic that is activated only after it has been exported by the microbe
20-4:
Which of the following is not a mechanism for acquiring resistance to antibiotics?
(a)
alteration of a metabolic pathway
(b)
modification of the component targeted by the antibiotic
(c)
inactivation of the antibiotic by enzymatic breakdown
(d)
using an efflux pump to transport antibiotics out of the cell once they have entered
(e)
increasing the growth rate to decrease inhibitory concentrations
20-5:
Potassium clavulanate is a(n) _____.
(a)
penicillin-binding protein modifier
(b)
\beta-lactamase inhibitor
(c)
efflux pump inhibitor
(d)
immune response stimulator