Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Relocation and War US History/Napp Name: __________________ “When the war began, 120,000 Japanese Americans lived in the United States. Most of them were citizens living on the West Coast. The surprise Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor in Hawaii had stunned the nation. After the bombing, panic-stricken citizens feared that the Japanese would soon attack the United States. Frightened people believed false rumors that Japanese Americans were committing sabotage by mining coastal harbors and poisoning vegetables. This sense of fear and uncertainty caused a wave of prejudice against Japanese Americans. Early in 1942, the War Department called for the mass evacuation of all Japanese Americans from Hawaii. General Delos Emmons, the military governor of Hawaii, resisted the order because 37 percent of the people in Hawaii were Japanese Americans. To remove them would have destroyed the islands’ economy and hindered U.S. military operations there. However, he was eventually forced to order the internment, or confinement, of 1,444 Japanese Americans, 1 percent of Hawaii’s Japanese-American population. On the West Coast, however, panic and prejudice ruled the day. Newspapers whipped up anti-Japanese sentiment by running ugly stories attacking Japanese Americans. On February 19, 1942, President Roosevelt signed an order requiring the removal of people of Japanese ancestry from California and parts of Washington, Oregon, and Arizona. Based on strong recommendations from the military, he justified this step as necessary for national security. In the following weeks, the army rounded up some 110,000 Japanese Americans and shipped them to ten hastily constructed remote ‘relocation centers,’ euphemisms for prison camps. About two-thirds were Nisei, or Japanese people born in this country of parents who emigrated from Japan. No specific charges were ever filed against Japanese Americans, and no evidence of subversion was ever found. Faced with expulsion, terrified families were forced to sell their homes, businesses, and all their belongings. Japanese Americans fought for justice. In 1944, the Supreme Court decided, in Korematsu v. United States, that the government’s policy of evacuating Japanese Americans to camps was justified on the basis of ‘military necessity.’ After the war, the Japanese American Citizens League (JACL) pushed the government to compensate those sent to the camps for their lost property. In 1965, Congress authorized spending $38 million for that purpose – less than a tenth of Japanese Americans’ actual losses. In 1978, the JACL called for the payment of reparations to each individual that suffered internment. A decade later, Congress passed, and President Ronald Reagan signed, a bill that promised $20,000 to every Japanese American sent to a relocation camp. When the checks were sent in 1990, a letter from President George Bush accompanied them stating, ‘We can never fully right the wrongs of the past. But we can take a clear stand for justice and recognize that serious injustices were done to Japanese Americans during World War II.’ ~ The Americans 1. A cause of the internment of Japanese 2. In Korematsu v. United States, the Americans during World War II was Supreme Court ruled that internment of (1) national segregation policies Japanese Americans was (2) immigration quotas (1) unnecessary (2) a military necessity (3) racial prejudice (3) a state’s right (4) unconstitutional (4) economic depression “The attack on Pearl Harbor created fear among many Americans, especially along the West coast, that Japanese Americans might commit acts of sabotage. These fears seemed racially motivated, since there was no evidence that Japanese Americans were disloyal. Nonetheless, Roosevelt issued an Executive Order forcing Japanese Americans to relocate to internment camps. In the camps, they lived in primitive and crowded conditions. Roosevelt justified these measures as a military necessity. The Supreme Court upheld these relocations in Korematsu v. U.S. Korematsu was a Japanese American convicted of continuing to remain in a restricted area. He believed his constitutional rights had been violated. The Supreme Court upheld Roosevelt’s order on the grounds that constitutional liberties may be limited in wartime.” ~ The Key to Understanding U.S. History and Government Questions: 1- What had the attack on Pearl Harbor created? ________________________________________________________________________ 2- In what part of the United States, were Americans most concerned? ________________________________________________________________________ 3- What did Americans believe about Japanese Americans after Pearl Harbor? ________________________________________________________________________ 4- What did these fears seem to be based on? ________________________________________________________________________ 5- What did President Roosevelt do in response to these fears? ________________________________________________________________________ 6- Describe the internment camps. ________________________________________________________________________ 7- In what case did the Supreme Court uphold the relocations of Japanese Americans? ________________________________________________________________________ 8- Who was Korematsu? ________________________________________________________________________ 9- What did Korematsu believe? ________________________________________________________________________ 10- What did the Supreme Court rule in Korematsu v. U.S.? ________________________________________________________________________ Analyze the chart: The Draft: All men between 18 and 45 were liable for military service. One million African Americans served in segregated units and for the first time, women could also enlist. Wartime Production: Special advisory boards managed wartime production. Essential goods like gasoline were rationed. The Labor Force: The draft and the expansion of production ended the Great Depression. Women, African Americans, and other minorities worked in factories as other workers went to war. The Financial Cost: The war cost $350 billion – ten times the cost of World War I. Americans bought war bonds to finance the war. The U.S. changed from a creditor to a debtor nation. ~ The Key to Understanding U.S. History Identify ten ways in which World War II changed the United States: 1- ________________________________________________________________________ 2- ________________________________________________________________________ 3- ________________________________________________________________________ 4- ________________________________________________________________________ 5- ________________________________________________________________________ 6- ________________________________________________________________________ 7- ________________________________________________________________________ 8- ________________________________________________________________________ 9- ________________________________________________________________________ 10- ________________________________________________________________________ Do You Remember? Hitler’s Invasion of the Soviet Union: Hitler’s greatest mistake: invading the Soviet Union and declaring war on the U.S. before defeating Britain D-Day: On June 6, 1944, “D-Day,” Allied troops landed in France American, British, and Free French forces then invaded Germany from the west, while the Soviet forces invaded from the east; Germany surrendered in May 1945 The Decision to Drop the Atomic Bomb: Fearing that an invasion of the Japanese islands would lead to a million American casualties, President Harry Truman decided to use the atomic bomb against Japan On August 6, 1945, the atomic bomb was dropped on Hiroshima and on August 9, a second bomb exploded over Nagasaki The Nuremberg Trials: The Allies put the surviving Nazi leaders on trial for “crimes against humanity” in Nuremberg, Germany The Nuremberg Trials demonstrated that individuals are responsible for their actions, even in times of war and tried and punished Nazi leaders for the committing crimes against humanity during the Holocaust Questions: 1- What was Hitler’s greatest mistake? Why? ________________________________________________________________________ 2- What was D-Day? ________________________________________________________________________ 3- How did the opening of a second front affect Germany? ________________________________________________________________________ 4- Why did President Truman decide to drop the atomic bombs? ________________________________________________________________________ 5- What were the Nuremberg Trials and what did the trials demonstrate? ________________________________________________________________________ 6- What crimes against humanity did the Nazis commit? ________________________________________________________________________ 1. During World War II, women and minorities made economic gains mainly because (1) a shortage of traditional labor created new opportunities in the workplace (2) more educational opportunities increased the number of skilled workers in these groups (3) labor unions successfully demanded equal opportunities for these groups (4) new civil rights legislation forced businesses to change their hiring practices 2. A violation of civil rights that occurred in the United States during World War II was the (1) arrests made as a result of the Palmer raids (2) passage of an open immigration law (3) internment of Japanese Americans (4) forced removal of Native American Indians from their reservations 3. President Harry Truman’s decision to use atomic bombs against Japan was primarily based on his belief that (1) an invasion of Japan would result in excessive casualties (2) Germany would refuse to surrender in Europe (3) an alliance was developing between Japan and the Soviet Union (4) Japan was in the process of developing its own atomic weapons 4. Which precedent was established by the Nuremberg war crimes trials? (1) National leaders can be held responsible for crimes against humanity. (2) Only individuals who actually commit murder during a war can be guilty of a crime. (3) Defeated nations cannot be forced to pay reparations. (4) Defeated nations can be occupied by the victors. 5. In 1988, Congress voted to pay $20,000 to each of the surviving Americans of Japanese descent who were interned during World War II because (1) the danger of war with Japan no longer existed (2) all of the interned Japanese Americans eventually became American citizens (3) the World Court ordered the United States to pay reparations (4) many Americans believed the internment was unjust and unnecessary 6. As World War II was ending, the United States decided to join the United Nations mainly because the United States (1) sought to meet the American public’s overwhelming demand for free-trade agreements (2) wanted to continue to play the same role it had in the League of Nations (3) recognized that efforts to achieve world peace required United States involvement (4) wanted to stop the growing influence of newly independent developing nations