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WORLD HISTORY VOCABULARY FINAL EXAM STUDY GUIDE Study Guide for Ancient World and World Beliefs Muhammad founder of Islam Islam religion founded by Muhammad; literally “to surrender” Muslims followers of Islam Qur’an sacred text of Islam, considered Allah’s direct revelation Five Pillars of Islam obligations required of all Muslims mosque name for the building where Muslims worship jihad word that can be translated as “struggle for the faith” or “holy war” and can also mean the struggle to defend the Muslim community or convert people to Islam caliphs title given to leaders of Islam after Muhammad, means “successors” caliphate area ruled by a caliph Umayyad a powerful clan from Mecca whose struggle to regain control led to civil war Sunnis Muslims who accepted the Umayyad caliph Shia supporters of Muhammad’s cousin Ali, who refused to accept the Umayyad caliph Abbasid family that ruled Islam after the Umayyads lost control calligraphy beautifully styled writing that is a distinctive feature of Islamic art minarets tall towers found on mosques from which the faithful were called to prayer Fertile Crescent region between the Mediterranean Sea and the Persian Gulf Mesopotamia Fertile Crescent area between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers ziggurat pyramid-shaped temple dedicated to a Sumerian city’s chief god city-state a political unit with its own government made of a city and its lands polytheism the worship of many gods dynasty a series of rulers from one family cuneiform Sumerian writing Sargon Akkadian ruler who was the first to create a permanent army Hammurabi King of Babylon famous for his code of laws Nebuchadnezzar II Chaldean king who rebuilt Babylon Judaism the religion of the Hebrews Torah most sacred text of Judaism Abraham father of the Hebrew people covenant a solemn agreement patriarch ancestral “fathers” Moses Hebrew leader who led his people out of Egypt Exodus the journey of the Hebrew people out of Egypt, led by Moses Diaspora the scattering of the Jews outside of Canaan monotheism the belief in one God subcontinent a large landmass that is part of a continent monsoons seasonal winds that bring heavy rains and warm air or cool, dry air citadel fortress Vedas sacred writings about Aryan history and society rajas regional leaders in Vedic society who protected a group of villages varnas social classes that divided Vedic society into four groups castes divisions of varnas that determined what jobs one could hold and whom a person could marry Hinduism one of the world’s oldest religions, practiced by most people in India today reincarnation Hindu belief that the atman (soul) will be released from the body after death and later reborn in another; also called samsara karma the sum effect of a person’s deeds and actions during life moksha escape from the cycle of rebirth, considered by Hindus to be the ultimate goal of human existence dharma set of spiritual duties and obligations for Hindus yoga a series of physical and mental exercises that aid meditation Jainism religion founded by Hindus who broke away because they believed moksha could be achieved through giving up worldly goods and controlling one’s actions ahimsa nonviolence; idea that is central to Jain teaching Buddhism religion whose followers seek enlightenment and an end to human suffering Buddha founder of Buddhism; translated as Enlightened One Four Noble Truths beliefs described by Buddha that explain the connections between life, desire, and suffering Eightfold Path the way to find the Middle Way: right view, attitude, speech, action, livelihood, effort, mindfulness, and concentration nirvana a state of peaceful existence free from suffering Study Guide for World History 1800s-1900s Industrial Revolution the time period when power-driven machinery was developed enclosure movement the combining of many small farms by wealthy landowners factors of production the essential elements that a nation needs for economic success cottage industry a craft occupation performed in the home factory a building that housed machine-driven industry industrialization the process of changing to power-driven machinery Jethro Tull gentleman farmer who invented the seed drill for planting grain Richard Arkwright inventor of the spinning frame, which spun stronger, thinner thread James Watt British inventor who made steam engines faster and more efficient Robert Fulton developed and operated the steamship Clermont on the Hudson River labor union organizations representing workers' interests strike work stoppages mass production the system of manufacturing large numbers of identical items interchangeable parts identical machine-made parts assembly line system in which workers stay in one place, adding parts as items go by laissez-faire the idea that governments should not interfere in business Adam Smith the leading advocate of laissez-faire economics Thomas Malthus thinker whose beliefs about poverty were used to justify low wages entrepreneur someone who starts a business Andrew Carnegie industrialist who led the expansion of the American steel industry socialism the theory that society, not individuals, should own all property and industry Karl Marx German thinker who put forth a radical view of socialism communism a system in which the government controls the economy standard of living level of material comfort experienced by a group of people British East India Company British company created to control trade between Britain, India, and East Asia, which ruled India in the name of Great Britain Sepoy Mutiny rebellion by Indian soldiers who fought in the British army against their officers, set off by the introduction of a new type of British rifle. New rifle used pork fat (disliked by Muslims) and beef fat (disliked by Hindu) Raj Hindi word for “rule”; term used for the era of British rule in India WORLD HISTORY VOCABULARY FINAL EXAM STUDY GUIDE Indian National Congress first Indian nationalist organization, established in 1885 by English-speaking Indians, most of whom were Hindu Muslim League organization that sought to protect the interests of Indian Muslims unequal treaties treaties that benefited European countries at the expense of China extraterritoriality the right of British citizens accused of crimes to be tried in British courts Taiping Rebellion movement led by Hong Xiuquan that opposed the Qing dynasty after many believed it had lost the mandate of heaven Boxer Rebellion rebellion by a secret society that began when its members, also called the Harmonious Fists, started attacking Christians Sun Yixian radical who called for the overthrow of the Qing dynasty and creation of a ruling national party and, eventually, democracy Treaty of Kanagawa agreement between Japan and the United States in 1854 that allowed American ships to stop at two Japanese ports Emperor Meiji Japanese emperor who took control after the shogun was forced to step down in 1868, believed Japan needed to modernize and reform Sino-Japanese War war between Japan and China over control of Korea in 1894 Suez Canal waterway connecting the Mediterranean and Red seas, shortening the voyage from Europe to the Indian Ocean Study Guide for WWI -WWII Triple Alliance partnership that united Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy Triple Entente alliance between France, Russia, and Great Britain Franz Ferdinand archduke of Austria-Hungary whose assassination led to World War I Gavrilo Princip young Serbian who assassinated Franz Ferdinand and his wife Sophie neutral taking no side in a conflict Central Powers term for Germany and Austria-Hungary in World War I Allied Powers term for Great Britain, France, Russia, and Serbia in WWI Western Front series of trenches dug by both the Allied Powers and Central Powers in northern France, resulting in a deadlock trench warfare war fought from trenches total war war that requires the use of all of society’s resources propaganda information designed to influence people’s opinions Battle of Verdun battle in which Germany tried to kill as many French soldiers as possible, believing the French could not bear to see this historic city captured Gallipoli Campaign Allied effort to destroy the Central Powers’ guns and forts that lined the Dardanelles genocide deliberate destruction of a racial, political, or cultural group trench warfare war fought from trenches total war war that requires the use of all of society’s resources propaganda information designed to influence people’s opinions Battle of Verdun battle in which Germany tried to kill as many French soldiers as possible, believing the French could not bear to see this historic city captured Gallipoli Campaign Allied effort to destroy the Central Powers’ guns and forts that lined the Dardanelles genocide the deliberate destruction of a racial, political, or cultural group Woodrow Wilson United States President during World War I U-boats German submarines that threatened ships in the waters around Great Britain Zimmermann Note German diplomat’s secret message to Mexico urging an attack on the United States armistice truce Fourteen Points Woodrow Wilson’s plan for world peace, proposed in 1918 Treaty of Versailles treaty that ended World War I and punished Germany severely League of Nations organization created with the hope of ending future wars mandates territories to be ruled by European powers Balfour Declaration statement issued by Britain in 1917 favoring the creation of a Jewish state in Palestine Jiang Jieshi leader of the nationalist Guomindang party in China, he was also known as Chiang Kai-Shek Mao Zedong leader of the Communist party in China Long March a 6,000 mile trek through China traveled by Communists to find a safe place beyond Guomindang control Amritsar Massacre 1919 incident in which British soldiers opened fire on unarmed Indian demonstrators, killing 400 people and convincing many Indians that British rule must end Mohandas Gandhi leader of nonviolent movement in India against British rule Kemal Atatürk leader of the military effort to claim Anatolia for ethnic Turks, which led to the establishment of the Republic of Turkey credit an arrangement in which a purchaser borrows money from a bank or other lender and agrees to pay it back over time Black Tuesday October 29, 1929, a day when investors sold off 16 million shares of stock, leading to a massive stock market collapse Great Depression severe downturn in the American economy that followed the 1929 stock market crash Franklin Delano Roosevelt U.S. President elected in 1932 who increased the government’s role in the economy and in the daily lives of Americas New Deal a government program that created jobs, spent more money on welfare and other relief programs, and regulated banking and the stock market John Maynard Keynes British economist who believed governments could limit or prevent economic downturns by spending money even if this caused an unbalanced budget Smoot-Hawley Tariff Act a 1930 act that placed heavy taxes on goods imported to the United States in order to encourage Americans to buy goods made in the United States Final Solution deliberate, mass execution of Jews ghettos confined areas within a city concentration camps labor camps meant to hold the people Hitler called enemies of the state Holocaust campaign of mass murder that the Nazis waged against the Jews D-Day June 6, 1944, the day Allied forces invaded France on the beaches of Normandy V-E Day Victory in Europe Day, May 8, 1945, the day Allied victory was declared Battle of Iwo Jima brutal battle in which the Allies captured a strategic island close to Japan Battle of Okinawa Pacific battle that claimed 12,000 American lives for an Allied victory Harry S Truman U.S. President who used the atomic bomb Hirohito Japanese emperor who surrendered to Allies V-J Day August 15, 1945, the day Japan surrendered to the Allies, ending World War II Yalta Conference meeting held by the Allied nations to plan postwar Europe Potsdam Conference meeting of Allied leaders in which tension between the Soviet Union and the other Allies surfaced United Nations world organization meant to encourage international cooperation and the prevention of war WORLD HISTORY VOCABULARY FINAL EXAM STUDY GUIDE Study Guide for WWII – Modern Era Nuremberg trials trials at an Allied military court that brought several dozen Nazi military leaders to justice for crimes committed during World War II Cold War a post-World War II era of open hostility and high tension between the United States and the Soviet Union iron curtain Winston Churchill’s term for the division of Europe created by Soviet actions Truman Doctrine U.S. pledge to provide economic and military aid to oppose the spread of communism Marshall Plan a massive program of U.S. economic aid to help Western Europe make a rapid recovery from the war and remain politically stable containment a policy of resisting Soviet aggression to contain the spread of communism Berlin airlift a massive effort to supply West Berlin by air after the Soviets blockaded it NATO North Atlantic Treaty Organization, a military alliance between the United States, Canada, and Western Europe designed to counter Soviet power in Europe Warsaw Pact an alliance formed between the Soviet Union and the Communist nations of Eastern Europe hydrogen bomb an immensely destructive weapon powered by nuclear fusion deterrence the development of or maintenance of military power to deter an attack arms race a struggle between nations to gain an advantage in weapons Sputnik the world’s first satellite, a human-made object launched in 1957 by the Soviet Union that flies in orbit around the Earth Bay of Pigs invasion unsuccessful invasion of Cuba in 1961 by a secretly trained force, which U.S. leaders believed would result in a massive uprising to overthrow Fidel Castro Cuban missile crisis a tense standoff between the United States and the Soviet Union that occurred after the Soviets installed nuclear missiles in Cuba nonaligned nations countries that refused to support either side during the Cold War and tried to promote the interest of poorer countries détente reduced tension between the superpowers Martin Luther King Jr. leader of a civil rights campaign that exposed racial injustice and won reforms counterculture a youth movement that rebelled against mainstream American society Solidarity a movement of Polish workers who united to protest against the Communist government and Soviet control Mikhail Gorbachev Soviet leader who came to power in 1985 and made changes in the nation’s economy and government glasnost “openness,” a willingness to discuss the problems of the Soviet Union perestroika “restructuring,” a concept for the reform of the Soviet economic and political system Boris Yeltsin leader of the republic of Russia who favored more radical change than Gorbachev did ethnic cleansing elimination of an ethnic group through killing or forced emigration Internet a system of networks that connects computers around the world Saddam Hussein dictator of Iraq who invaded neighboring Kuwait in August 1990 Persian Gulf War war in which a UN-authorized multinational force led by the United States forced the Iraqi military to leave Kuwait al Qaeda Islamist terrorist organization that launched a series of attacks against U.S. targets Osama bin Laden al Qaeda leader who aims to unite Muslims and destroy the United States Taliban Islamist government of Afghanistan that supported and protected members of al Qaeda Muhammad Ali Jinnah leader of the Muslim League who believed India’s Muslims needed a separate nation to protect their rights partition division, such as the one that separated India into Muslim and Hindi countries Jawaharlal Nehru India’s first prime minister Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) an organization of Middle Eastern countries that attempts to regulate oil production to maximize revenues Six-Day War 1967 war between Egypt and Israel. War won by Israel Yom Kippur War 1973 surprise attack by Egypt and Syria against Israel to regain territory, named for the Jewish holy day when the attack began. War won by Israel. Led to OPEC retaliation against US and caused oil/gas crisis. Anwar Sadat Egyptian president in 1978 who declared that Egypt wanted peace with Israel, later shot Menachem Begin Israeli prime minister in 1978 who signed peace agreement with Egypt Camp David Accords 1978 peace agreement between Egypt and Israel in which Egypt recognized Israel’s right to exist and Israel returned the Sinai Peninsula to Egypt Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini Shia religious leader who inspired protests against Iran's shah in 1978; he was named leader when Iran became an Islamic republic. Held US hostages for 444 days. globalization the process in which countries are linked through trade and culture interdependence the relationship between countries that depend on each other for resources, goods, or services multinational corporations large companies that operate in multiple countries outsourcing practice of having work done elsewhere to cut costs or increase production free trade exchange of goods among nations without trade barriers such as tariffs popular culture traits that are common within a group of people, such as food, sports, music, and movies cultural diffusion the spread of culture traits from one region to another famine extreme shortage of food epidemic an outbreak of a contagious disease that spreads quickly and affects many people refugees people who leave their own country to find safety in another nation global warming the rise in the surface temperature of the earth over time