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IGCSE BIOLOGY Digestive system glossary 2016-01-19 Concept Definition Key words Amylase Enzyme that digests starch into maltose Enzymes Chemical digestion Bile Liquid produced by the liver that helps in digestion of lipids by splitting them into droplets (emulsification), And neutralizes the acidic contents of the stomach Chemical digestion Carbohydrases Enzymes that digest carbohydrate Enzymes Catalyst A substance that speeds up a chemical reaction and is not changed by the reaction Enzymes Digestion Mechanical and chemical processes that break down large, insoluble food molecules into small, soluble molecules that can be absorbed into the blood Mechanical digestion Chemical digestion Duodenum First part of the small intestine Alimentary canal Egestion The removal of undigested matter from the body. Also called defaecation. Not an example of excretion! Enzyme Biological catalyst made of protein. Enzymes speed up chemical reactions without being used up. Faeces Waste products of digestion Gall bladder Storage organ for bile Chemical digestion Gastric juice Fluid that mixes with food in the stomach. Contains hydrochloric acid and pepsin. Chemical digestion Glucose Type of sugar produced by photosynthesis, the main fuel for respiration. A monosaccharide. Nutrients Lactase Enzyme that breaks down lactose Enzymes Chemical digestion Enzymes Chemical digestion IGCSE BIOLOGY Digestive system glossary 2016-01-19 Concept Definition Key words Lactose Type of sugar found in milk Nutrients Large intestine Part of the intestine where water is reabsorbed into the Alimentary canal blood Lipases Enzymes that break down fats and oils (lipids) Enzymes Chemical digestion Lipids Alternative name for fats and oils Nutrients Maltase Enzyme that breaks down the sugar maltose Enzymes Chemical digestion Microvilli Folding of the surface of the cells of the villi that increase surface area for absorption Absorption Nutrition The intake of food, and processes that convert food substances into living matter (ingestion, digestion, absorption and assimilation) Obesity Condition of being severely overweight Peristalsis Proteases Contraction of smooth muscle in the wall of the intestine that causes food to be pushed along Enzymes that break down protein Mechanical digestion Enzymes Chemical digestion Protein Polymers (large molecules) made up of amino acids Nutrients Reducing sugars Sugars that produce a red precipitate when heated with Food tests Benedict’s solution (e.g. glucose, maltose, lactose) Small intestine Part of the alimentary canal between the stomach and the large intestine Alimentary canal Villi Absorption Small projections on the wall of the small intestine
