Download Chapter 30 HW Packet

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30.1 Organization of the Human Body
Lesson Objectives
Describe how the human body is organized.
Explain homeostasis.
Lesson Summary
Organization of the Body The levels of organization in a multicellular organism
include cells, tissues, organs, and organ systems.
A cell is the basic unit of structure and function in living things. Specialized cells are
uniquely suited to perform particular functions.
Groups of similar cells that perform a single function are called tissues. There are four
basic types of tissue in the human body: epithelial tissue lines the interior and exterior
body surfaces; connective tissue provides support for the body and connects its parts;
nervous tissue carries messages in the form of nerve impulses throughout the body; and
muscle tissue is responsible for voluntary and involuntary movement.
Groups of different kinds of tissue that work together to carry out complex functions are
called organs.
A group of organs that performs closely related functions is called an organ system.
Homeostasis The different organ systems work together to maintain a controlled, stable
internal environment called homeostasis. Homeostasis describes the internal physical and
chemical conditions that organisms maintain despite changes in internal and external
environments.
Feedback inhibition, or negative feedback, is the process in which a stimulus produces a
response that opposes the original stimulus. An example of feedback inhibition is the way
in which the body maintains a constant temperature.
The liver is important for homeostasis. It converts toxic substances into compounds that
can be removed from the body safely. It also helps regulate the body’s glucose levels.
Organization of the Body
Complete each statement by writing the correct word or words.
1. The tissue that lines the interior and exterior of the body is called
2. Connective tissue includes fat cells,
3. The brain,
tissue.
cells, and blood cells.
, and nerves are made up of nervous tissue.
4. Voluntary and involuntary movements are controlled by
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tissue.
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5. Complete the table about the organization of the human body.
Organization of the Human Body
Level of
Organization
Description
Example
Basic unit of structure and function in
living things
Tissue
Group of different types of tissue that
function together
Nervous system
For Questions 6–16, match the function(s) with the organ system.
Function
Organ System
6. Eliminates waste products from the body
A. nervous system
7. Produces gametes
B. integumentary system
8. Breaks down food
C. immune/lymphatic
systems
9. Protects the body from disease
10. Recognizes and coordinates the body’s
response to changes
D. muscular system
11. Transports oxygen to cells
F. skeletal system
12. Produces voluntary movement
G. respiratory system
13. Guards against ultraviolet light
H. digestive system
14. Brings in oxygen for cellular respiration
I. excretory system
15. Protects internal organs
J. endocrine system
16. Controls growth and metabolism
K. reproductive system
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E. circulatory system
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Homeostasis
17. All of the organ systems in the human body work together to maintain homeostasis. What
is homeostasis?
18. What is a feedback inhibition? Give an example of how it is used in the human body.
19. Why is the liver important for homeostasis?
20. THINK VISUALLY Fill in the missing labels in the diagram to show how a
thermostat uses feedback inhibition to maintain a stable temperature in a house.
Apply the Big idea
21. Which organ systems work together to maintain body temperature?
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30.2 Food and Nutrition
Lesson Objectives
Explain how food provides energy.
Identify the essential nutrients your body needs and tell how each is important to the
body.
Explain how to plan a balanced diet.
Lesson Summary
Food and Energy Molecules in food contain chemical energy that cells use to produce
ATP. Food also supplies raw materials cells need to build and repair tissues.
The energy in food is measured in dietary Calories. One Calorie is equal to 1000 calories.
A calorie is the amount of heat needed to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water by 1
degree Celsius.
A healthy diet provides the body with raw materials to build and repair body tissues and
make enzymes, lipids, and DNA.
Nutrients Nutrients are substances in food that supply the body with energy and raw
materials needed for growth, repair, and maintenance. The nutrients that the body needs
are water, carbohydrates, fats, proteins, vitamins, and minerals.
Many of the body’s processes take place in water. Water makes up a large part of blood
and other body fluids.
Simple and complex carbohydrates are the body’s main source of energy. Complex
carbohydrates, such as starches, must be broken down into simple sugars to be used for
energy.
Fats are formed from fatty acids and glycerol. Fats help the body absorb fat-soluble
vitamins and are a part of cell membranes, nerve cells, and certain hormones.
Proteins supply raw materials for growth and repair of structures such as skin and
muscle. Many enzymes and hormones are proteins.
Vitamins are organic molecules that the body needs in very small amounts. They are
needed to help the body perform chemical reactions.
Minerals are inorganic nutrients the body needs in small amounts. Examples of minerals
include calcium and iron.
Nutrition and a Balanced Diet The science of nutrition is the study of food and its
effects on the body. A balanced diet provides nutrients in adequate amounts and enough
energy for a person to maintain a healthful weight.
Food labels provide general information about nutrition as well as specific information
about a food.
Exercising about 30 minutes a day, eating a balanced diet, and controlling fat intake can
help maintain a healthful weight.
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Food and Energy
Write True if the statement is true. If the statement is false, change the underlined word
or words to make the statement true.
1. A calorie is the amount of heat needed to lower the temperature of 1
gram of water by 1 degree Celsius.
2. One dietary Calorie is equal to 2000 calories.
3. The energy stored in food molecules is used to produce ATP.
4. The body needs raw materials from food to build body tissues and
make enzymes, lipids and DNA.
Nutrients
For Questions 5–16, match each description with the nutrient. Each nutrient may be used
more than once.
Description
Nutrient
5. Provide the body with building materials for
growth and repair
A. water
6. Needed to build cell membranes, produce
certain hormones, and store energy
C. fats
7. Major source of food energy
8. Makes up the bulk of most body fluids
9. Inorganic nutrients
10. Organic molecules used by the body to help
regulate body processes
11. May be saturated or unsaturated
12. Required to produce the compound that
makes up bones and teeth
13. May be fat-soluble or water-soluble
14. Polymers of amino acids
15. May be monosaccharides, disaccharides, or
polysaccharides
16. The most important nutrient
17. What are three ways the body loses water?
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B. carbohydrates
D. proteins
E. vitamins
F. minerals
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Nutrition and a Balanced Diet
18. What is the science of nutrition?
Complete each statement by writing the correct word or words.
19. A gram of fat has more Calories than a gram of carbohydrate because carbon atoms in fat
have more carbon to
bonds than the carbon atoms in carbohydrates.
20. Nutrient needs are affected by age,
, and lifestyle.
21. When a person stops growing or becomes less active, energy needs
22. Percent Daily Values found on food labels are based on a
23. Eating a balanced diet and exercising
healthful weight.
.
diet.
a day can help maintain a
24. Physical activity can
the heart, bones, and muscles.
25. Diets that are high in
heart disease and Type II diabetes.
and trans fat increase a person’s risk of developing
Apply the Big idea
26. How can poor food choices negatively affect a person’s health?
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30.3 The Digestive System
Lesson Objectives
Describe the organs of the digestive system and explain their functions.
Explain what happens during digestion.
Describe how nutrients are absorbed into the bloodstream and wastes are eliminated
from the body.
Lesson Summary
Functions of the Digestive System The digestive system converts food into
small molecules that can be used by body cells. Food is processed by the digestive system
in four phases: ingestion, digestion, absorption, and elimination.
Ingestion is the process of putting food into your mouth.
Mechanical digestion is the physical breakdown of large pieces of food into smaller
pieces. During chemical digestion, enzymes break down food into molecules the body
can use.
Food molecules are absorbed into the circulatory system by cells in the small intestine.
Materials the body cannot digest travel through the large intestine and are eliminated as
feces.
The Process of Digestion During digestion, food travels through the mouth,
esophagus, stomach, and small intestine.
Mechanical digestion begins as teeth tear and grind food. Saliva contains amylase, an
enzyme that breaks down starches into sugars. This begins the process of chemical
digestion. Once food is chewed, it is pushed into the pharynx.
The tube leading from the pharynx to the stomach is called the esophagus. Contractions
of smooth muscles, called peristalsis, move food through the esophagus to the stomach,
a large muscular sac that continues digestion.
 Glands in the stomach lining release hydrochloric acid and the enzyme pepsin, which
breaks proteins into smaller polypeptide fragments.
 Contractions of stomach muscles churn the stomach contents, which forms chyme, a
mixture with an oatmeal-like consistency.
As chyme moves out of the stomach, it enters the duodenum, the uppermost portion of
the small intestine. Here, digestive fluids from the pancreas, liver, and lining of the
duodenum are added to the chyme.
Absorption and Elimination Most nutrients from food are absorbed by the small
intestine. The large intestine absorbs water and prepares waste for elimination from the body.
The small intestine has fingerlike projections (villi) that are covered with microvilli,
which absorb nutrients. Most nutrients are absorbed into the blood, but fats are absorbed
into the lymph.
When chyme leaves the small intestine, it enters the large intestine, or colon. The large
intestine absorbs water and some vitamins that are produced by bacteria in the large
intestine. The remaining waste material leaves the body through the anus.
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Functions of the Digestive System
1. What is the function of the organs of the digestive system?
2. What are the four phases of digestion?
3. What is mechanical digestion?
4. How do absorbed food molecules travel to the rest of the body?
The Process of Digestion
Write the letter of the correct answer on the line at the left.
5. Where does chemical digestion begin?
A. the stomach
C. the mouth
B. the small intestine
D. the esophagus
6. Saliva eases the passage of food through the digestive system and contains
A. amylase.
C. sodium bicarbonate.
B. pepsin.
D. bile.
7. Which is the correct order of passage of food through the digestive system?
A. mouth, stomach, esophagus, large intestine, small intestine
B. mouth, stomach, esophagus, small intestine, large intestine
C. mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine
D. mouth, esophagus, stomach, large intestine, small intestine
8. Which of the following is not a role of the pancreas?
A. produces sodium bicarbonate
B. produces bile
C. produces hormones that regulate blood sugar
D. produces enzymes that break down carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and
nucleic acids
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9. Complete the table about the effects of digestive enzymes.
Active Site
Enzyme
Effect on Food
Breaks down starches into
disaccharides
Pepsin
Small intestine (released
from pancreas)
Continues the breakdown of
starch
Trypsin
Breaks down fat
Small intestine
Maltase, sucrase, lactase
Breaks down dipeptides into
amino acids
10. THINK VISUALLY Draw and label the digestive system. Include the salivary glands,
mouth, epiglottis, esophagus, stomach, liver, gallbladder, small intestine, and large
intestine.
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Absorption and Elimination
For Questions 11–16, complete each statement by writing the correct word or words.
11. The folded surface and fingerlike projections of the
surface area for absorption of nutrient molecules.
provide a large
12. The fingerlike projections are called
.
13. Capillaries in the villi absorb the products of
14. Fats and fatty acids are absorbed by
15. In some animals, the
and
digestion.
.
processes cellulose, but not in humans.
16. Once chyme leaves the small intestine, it enters the large intestine, or
.
17. The small intestine is longer than the large intestine. How did the large intestine get its
name?
18. What is the primary function of the large intestine?
19. What happens to waste materials when they leave the colon?
Apply the Big idea
20. What role does the large intestine play in maintaining homeostasis?
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30.4 The Excretory System
Lesson Objectives
Describe the structures of the excretory system and explain their functions.
Explain how the kidneys clean the blood.
Describe how the kidneys maintain homeostasis.
Lesson Summary
Structures of the Excretory System Cells produce wastes such as salts, carbon
dioxide, and ammonia. For homeostasis to be maintained, these wastes need to be removed
from the body. Excretion is the process by which metabolic wastes are eliminated from the
body.
The skin excretes excess water, salts, and a small amount of urea in sweat.
The lungs excrete carbon dioxide and water vapor.
The liver converts potentially dangerous nitrogen wastes to urea.
The kidneys are the major organs of excretion. They remove excess water, urea, and
metabolic wastes from the blood. Ureters carry urine from the kidneys to the urinary
bladder, where it is stored until it leaves the body through the urethra.
Excretion and the Kidneys The kidneys remove excess water, minerals, and other
waste products from the blood. The cleansed blood returns to circulation. Each kidney has
nearly a million processing units called nephrons. Filtration and reabsorption occur in the
nephrons.
Filtration is the passage of a fluid or gas through a filter to remove wastes. The filtration
of blood in the nephron takes place in the glomerulus, a small, dense network of
capillaries. Each glomerulus is encased by a cuplike structure called Bowman’s capsule.
Pressure in the capillaries forces fluids and wastes from the blood into Bowman’s capsule.
This fluid is called filtrate.
Most of the material that enters Bowman’s capsule is returned to circulation. The process
by which water and dissolved substances are taken back into the blood is called
reabsorption.
A section of the nephron tubule, called the loop of Henle, conserves water and minimizes
the volume of filtrate. The fluid that remains in the tubule is called urine.
The Kidneys and Homeostasis The kidneys remove wastes, maintain blood pH, and
regulate the water content of the blood.
The activity of the kidneys is controlled in part by the composition of blood. For example,
if blood glucose levels rise well above normal, the kidneys excrete glucose into the urine.
Disruption of kidney function can lead to health issues such as kidney stones and serious
health issues such as kidney damage, and kidney failure.
 Kidney stones occur when minerals or uric acid salts crystallize and obstruct a ureter.
 Kidney damage is often caused by high blood pressure or diabetes.
 When the kidneys no longer maintain homeostasis, the patient is in kidney failure.
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Structures of the Excretory System
1. Why does the body need an excretory system?
2. What is excretion?
3. What waste compounds are produced by every cell in the body?
4. What organs are included in the excretory system?
5. Complete the table about the excretory system.
Organs of the Excretory System
Organ
Function
Skin
Lungs
Converts dangerous nitrogen wastes into urea
Kidneys
Transport urine from kidneys to the bladder
Stores urine
Urethra
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#s 6-11 Deleted
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The Kidneys and Homeostasis
12. Describe three ways that the kidneys help maintain homeostasis.
13. Explain how the kidneys regulate the levels of salt in the blood.
14. How does dialysis work?
Apply the Big idea
15. Urine testing is a common way that doctors can monitor a patient’s health. Suppose a
urine test reveals that there are proteins in the patient’s urine. What might be wrong with
this patient? What part of the excretory system might not be functioning properly?
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